Brief reportThe performance of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) in detecting alcohol abuse and dependence in a population of depressed or anxious persons
Introduction
Alcohol use disorders (AUDs; alcohol abuse [AA] or alcohol dependence [AD]) tend to worsen the course of depressive and anxiety disorders and may severely impede treatment (Barkow et al., 2003, Bijl and Ravelli, 2000, Bruce et al., 2005, Buckner et al., 2008, McDermut et al., 2000, Vuorilehto et al., 2009). Although AUDs are highly prevalent in the general population, and especially among persons with depressive and/or anxiety disorders (Boschloo et al., submitted for publication; Burns and Teesson, 2002, de Graaf et al., 2003, Hasin et al., 2007, Merikangas et al., 1998, Pirkola et al., 2005), AUDs often remain unrecognized (Cleary et al., 1988, Rydon et al., 1992). Adequate screening for AUDs may help to identify those depressed and/or anxious patients suffering from this impairing comorbid condition and, consequently, could improve effectiveness of health care.
The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) (World Health Organization, 1997) is a widely-used diagnostic instrument for the assessment of AUDs in both clinical and research settings. As a time-efficient screening instrument, the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) (Babor et al., 1992) has been developed to detect hazardous and harmful alcohol use. A growing body of research evidence supports the validity of the AUDIT in screening for AUDs in various settings and in diverse populations (Allen et al., 1997, Reinert and Allen, 2002, Reinert and Allen, 2007), but empirical evidence regarding the diagnostic accuracy in depressed or anxious patients is lacking. Most studies also fail to distinguish between the performances of the AUDIT in detecting AA versus AD.
Since test performances often vary across populations (Ransohoff and Feinstein, 1978), the AUDIT may be less accurate in depressed and/or anxious persons due to social desirable answering or symptom overlap. Therefore, we examined and compared the performance of the AUDIT against the gold standard of a CIDI-based diagnosis of past-year AA or AD in a large sample of persons with a past-year depressive and/or anxiety disorder versus persons without a lifetime depressive and anxiety disorder.
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Study sample
Baseline data of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) were used, comprising 2981 adults (18–65 years). Of that number, 19% were recruited from the community, 54% from primary care settings and 27% from specialized outpatient mental health care settings. Exclusion criteria were insufficient command of the Dutch language and a known primary clinical diagnosis of bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, addiction disorder or psychotic disorder. A detailed description of
Sample characteristics
Mean age was 41.3 (SD = 13.0) years and 65.8% were women. In the past year 4.4% had AA and 7.5% AD. Table 1 presents gender-stratified sample characteristics comparing non-depressed/non-anxious versus depressed and/or anxious persons.
Screening characteristics of the AUDIT
Based on the sensitivity and specificity across the full range of cut-off points, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves for the AUDIT in detecting AA (blue lines) and AD (black lines) are presented in Fig. 1. Separate lines are shown for men and women with
Discussion
The present study shows that the AUDIT accurately detects CIDI-based alcohol dependence in depressed/anxious men (AUC = 0.89) and women (AUC = 0.88), comparable to its performance in healthy controls. The standard cut-off point of 8 for men was adequate (sensitivity: 0.88; specificity: 0.76), but specificity could be further improved to 0.81 without losing sensitivity by choosing a cut-off point of 9. The identified optimal cut-off point of 6 with a sensitivity of 0.85 and a specificity of 0.80 for
Role of funding source
The infrastructure for the NESDA study (www.nesda.nl) is funded through the Geestkracht program of the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (Zon-Mw, grant number 10-000-1002) and is supported by participating universities and mental health care organizations (VU University Medical Center, GGZ inGeest, Arkin, Leiden University Medical Center, GGZ Rivierduinen, University Medical Center Groningen, Lentis, GGZ Friesland, GGZ Drenthe, Scientific Institute for Quality of
Conflict of interest
None of the authors report competing interest.
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. Adriaan W. Hoogendoorn for his assistance with statistical analyses.
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