Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 122, Issue 1 , Pages 86-95, April 2010

A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: Validation and standardization of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the general population

  • Bernd Löwe

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf and Hamburg-Eilbek (Schön Clinics), Germany
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. Tel.: +49 40 7410 59733; fax: +49 40 7410 54975.
    • ,
  • Inka Wahl

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf and Hamburg-Eilbek (Schön Clinics), Germany
    • ,
  • Matthias Rose

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf and Hamburg-Eilbek (Schön Clinics), Germany
    • ,
  • Carsten Spitzer

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf and Hamburg-Eilbek (Schön Clinics), Germany
    • ,
  • Heide Glaesmer

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig, Germany
    • ,
  • Katja Wingenfeld

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf and Hamburg-Eilbek (Schön Clinics), Germany
    • ,
  • Antonius Schneider

      Affiliations

    • Department of Primary Care and Health Care Research, University Medical Center, Heidelberg, Germany
    • ,
  • Elmar Brähler

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig, Germany

Received 28 February 2009; received in revised form 15 June 2009; accepted 16 June 2009.

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PII: S0165-0327(09)00278-X

doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.019

Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 122, Issue 1 , Pages 86-95, April 2010

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