Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 119, Issue 1 , Pages 1-8 , December 2009

A meta-analysis of depression severity and cognitive function

Received 26 January 2009 ,Revised 16 April 2009 ,Accepted 16 April 2009.

References 

  1. Abas MA, Sahakian BJ, Levy R. Neuropsychological deficits and CT scan changes in elderly depressives. Psychological Medicine. 1990;20:507–520
  2. Airaksinen E, Larsson M, Lundberg I, Forsell Y. Cognitive functions in depressive disorders: evidence from a population-based study. Psychological Medicine. 2004;34:83–91
  3. Austin MP, Ross M, Murray C, Ocarroll RE, Ebmeier KP, Goodwin GM. Cognitive function in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders. 1992;25:21–29
  4. Austin MP, Mitchell P, Wilhelm K, Parker G, Hickie I, Brodaty H, et al. Cognitive function in depression: a distinct pattern of frontal impairment in melancholia?. Psychological Medicine. 1999;29:73–85
  5. Austin MP, Mitchell P, Goodwin GM. Cognitive deficits in depression: possible implications for functional neuropathology. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;178:200–206
  6. Baudic S, Tzortzis C, Dalla Barba G, Traykov L. Executive deficits in elderly patients with major unipolar depression. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 2004;17:195–201
  7. Baune BT, Suslow T, Engelien A, Arolt V, Berger K. The association between depressive mood and cognitive performance in an elderly general population — The MEMO study. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. 2006;22:142–149
  8. Beats BC, Sahakian BJ, Levy R. Cognitive performance in tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction in the elderly depressed. Psychological Medicine. 1996;26:591–603
  9. Bhalla RK, Butters MA, Zmuda MD, Seligman K, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG, et al. Does education moderate neuropsychological impairment in late-life depression?. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2005;20:413–417
  10. Boone KB, Lesser IM, Miller BL, Wohl M, Berman N, Lee A, et al. Cognitive functioning in older depressed outpatients: relationship of presence and severity of depression to neuropsychological test scores. Neuropsychology. 1995;9:390–398
  11. Brebion G, Smith MJ, Widlocher D. Discrimination and response bias in memory: effects of depression severity and psychomotor retardation. Psychiatry Research. 1997;70:95–103
  12. Butters MA, Whyte EM, Nebes RD, Begley AE, Dew MA, Mulsant BH, et al. The nature and determinants of neuropsychological functioning in late-life depression. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2004;61:587–595
  13. Cataldo MG, Nobile M, Lorusso ML, Battaglia M, Molteni M. Impulsivity in depressed children and adolescents: a comparison between behavioral and neuropsychological data. Psychiatry Research. 2005;136:123–133
  14. Degl'Innocenti A, Agren H, Backman L. Executive deficits in major depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1998;97:182–188
  15. Dotson VM, Resnick SM, Zonderman AB. Differential association of concurrent, baseline, and average depressive symptoms with cognitive decline in older adults. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2008;16:318–330
  16. Elderkin-Thompson V, Mintz J, Haroon E, Lavretsky H, Kumar A. Executive dysfunction and memory in older patients with major and minor depression (vol 21, pg 669, 2006). Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 2007;22:259−+
  17. Elliott R, Sahakian BJ, Mckay AP, Herrod JJ, Robbins TW, Paykel ES. Neuropsychological impairments in unipolar depression: the influence of perceived failure on subsequent performance. Psychological Medicine. 1996;26:975–989
  18. Foa EB, Franklin ME, Moser J. Context in the clinic: how well do cognitive-behavioral therapies and medications work in combination?. Biological Psychiatry. 2002;52:987–997
  19. Goodwin GM. Neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal lobes in depression. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 1997;11:115–122
  20. Grant MM, Thase ME, Sweeney JA. Cognitive disturbance in outpatient depressed younger adults: evidence of modest impairment. Biological Psychiatry. 2001;50:35–43
  21. Haby MM, Donnelly M, Corry J, Vos T. Cognitive behavioural therapy for depression, panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder: a meta-regression of factors that may predict outcome. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2006;40:9–19
  22. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 1960;23:56–62
  23. Hedges LV, Olkin I. Statistical methods for meta-analysis. New York: Academic Press; 1985;
  24. Heo M, Murphy CF, Meyers BS. Relationship between the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale in depressed elderly: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2007;15:899–905
  25. Herrmann LL, Goodwin GM, Ebmeier KP. The cognitive neuropsychology of depression in the elderly. Psychological Medicine. 2007;37:1693–1702
  26. Hunter JE, Schmidt FL, Jackson GB. Meta-analysis. Cumulating research findings across studies. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage; 1982;
  27. Ilsley JE, Moffoot APR, Ocarroll RE. An analysis of memory dysfunction in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders. 1995;35:1–9
  28. Kyte ZA, Goodyer IM, Sahakian BJ. Selected executive skills in adolescents with recent first episode major depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines. 2005;46:995–1005
  29. Mandelli L, Serretti A, Colombo C, Florita M, Santoro A, Rossini D, et al. Improvement of cognitive functioning in mood disorder patients with depressive symptomatic recovery during treatment: an exploratory analysis. Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences. 2006;60:598–604
  30. Merriam EP, Thase ME, Haas GL, Keshavan MS, Sweeney JA. Prefrontal cortical dysfunction in depression determined by Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999;156:780–782
  31. Montgomery SA, Åsberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1979;134:382–389
  32. Naismith SL, Hickie IB, Turner K, Little CL, Winter V, Ward PB, et al. Neuropsychological performance in patients with depression is associated with clinical, etiological and genetic risk factors. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 2003;25:866–877
  33. Nebes RD, Pollock BG, Houck PR, Butters MA, Mulsant BH, Zmuda MD, et al. Persistence of cognitive impairment in geriatric patients following antidepressant treatment: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial with nortriptyline and paroxetine. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2003;37:99–108
  34. Portella MJ, Marcos T, Rami L, Navarro V, Gasto C, Salamero M. Residual cognitive impairment in late-life depression after a 12-month period follow-up. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2003;18:571–576
  35. Porter RJ, Gallagher P, Thompson JM, Young AH. Neurocognitive impairment in drug-free patients with major depressive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2003;182:214–220
  36. Porter RJ, Bourke C, Gallagher P. Neuropsychological impairment in major depression: its nature, origin and clinical significance. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2007;41:115–128
  37. Purcell R, Maruff P, Kyrios M, Pantelis C. Neuropsychological function in young patients with unipolar major depression. Psychological Medicine. 1997;27:1277–1285
  38. Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement. 1977;1:385–401
  39. Reppermund S, Zihl J, Lucae S, Horstmann S, Kloiber S, Holsboer F, et al. Persistent cognitive impairment in depression: the role of psychopathology and altered hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) system regulation. Biological Psychiatry. 2007;62:400–406
  40. Schwarzer, R., 1989. Meta-analysis 5.3. Statistics software for meta-analysis, URL: http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~health/meta_e.htm; Last accessed: 16th September 2008.
  41. Sheline YI, Barch DM, Garcia K, Gersing K, Pieper C, Welsh-Bohmer K, et al. Cognitive function in late life depression: relationships to depression severity, cerebrovascular risk factors and processing speed. Biological Psychiatry. 2006;60:58–65
  42. Smith MJ, Brebion G, Banquet JP, Allilaire JF. Experimental evidence for two dimensions of cognitive disorders in depressives. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1994;28:401–411

PII: S0165-0327(09)00170-0

doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.04.022

Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 119, Issue 1 , Pages 1-8 , December 2009