Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 87, Issue 1 , Pages 17-23 , July 2005

Borderline personality disorder characteristics in young adults with recurrent mood disorders: A comparison of bipolar and unipolar depression

Received 13 September 2004 ,Accepted 28 February 2005.

References 

  1. Akiskal HS. Subaffective disorders: dysthymic, cyclothymic and bipolar II disorders in the ‘borderline’ realm. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 1981;4:25–46
  2. Akiskal HS. Temperaments on the border of affective disorder. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1994;89(Suppl. 379):32–37
  3. Akiskal HS. The prevalent clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders: beyond DSM-IV. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 1996;16(Suppl. 1):4S–14S
  4. Akiskal HS. Demystifying borderline personality: critique of the concept and unorthodox reflections on its natural kinship with the bipolar spectrum. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2004;110:401–407
  5. Akiskal HS, Benazzi F. Family history validation of the bipolar nature of depressive mixed states. J. Affect. Disord. 2003;73:113–122
  6. Akiskal HS, Walker P, Puzantian VR, King D, Rosenthal TL, Dranon M. Bipolar outcome in the course of depressive illness: phenomenologic, familial and pharmacologic predictors. J. Affect. Disord. 1983;5:115–128
  7. Allilaire J, Hantouche EG, Sechter D, Bourgeois ML, Azorin JM, Lancrenon S, et al. Frequency and clinical aspects of bipolar II: data from the French multi-site study EDIPEP. Encephale. 2001;27:149–158
  8. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994;
  9. Angst J. The emerging epidemiology of hypomania and bipolar II disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 1998;50:143–151
  10. Benazzi FM. Intra-episode hypomanic symptoms during major depression and their correlates. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2004;58:289–294
  11. Benazzi F, Akiskal HS. Refining the evaluation of bipolar II: beyond the strict SCID-CV guidelines for hypomania. J. Affect. Disord. 2003;73:33–38
  12. Chiaroni P, Hantouche E, Gouvernet J, Azorin JM, Akiskal HS. The cyclothymic temperament in healthy controls and familially at risk individuals for mood disorder: endopheotype for genetic studies?. J. Affect. Disord. 2005;85:135–145
  13. Deltito J, Martin L, Riefkohl J, Austria B, Kissilenko A, Corless P, et al. Does borderline personality disorder belong to the bipolar spectrum?. J. Affect. Disord. 2001;67:221–228
  14. Fava M, Alpert JE, Borus JS, Nierenberg AA, Pava JA, Rosenbaum JF. Patterns of personality disorder comorbidity in early-onset versus late-onset major depression. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1996;153:1308–1312
  15. First M, Gibbon M, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. User's Guide for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders—Research Version (SCID-I, Version 2.0, February 1996 FINAL Version). New York: Biometric Research; 1996;
  16. George EL, Miklowitz DJ, Richards JA, Simoneau TL, Taylor DO. The comorbidity of bipolar disorder and axis II personality disorders: prevalence and clinical correlates. Bipolar Disord. 2003;5:115–122
  17. Ghaemi SN, Ko JY, Goodwin FK. Cade's Disease and beyond: misdiagnosis, antidepressant use and a proposed definition for bipolar spectrum disorder. Can. J. Psychiatry. 2002;47:125–134
  18. Goldberg JF, Harrow M, Whiteside JE. Risk for bipolar illness in patients initially hospitalized for unipolar depression. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2001;158:1265–1270
  19. Guy W. In: ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health, Education and Welfare; 1976;p. 217–222
  20. Henry C, Mitropoulou V, New AS, Koeningsberg HW, Silverman LJ. Affective instability and impulsivity in borderline personality and bipolar II disorders: similarities and differences. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2001;35:307–312
  21. Judd LJ, Akiskal HS. The prevalence and disability of bipolar spectrum disorders in the US population: re-analysis of the ECA database taking into account subthreshold cases. J. Affect. Disord. 2003;73:123–131
  22. Klein DN, Depue RA, Slater JF. Inventory identification of cyclothymia: IX. Validation in offspring of parents with bipolar I patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1986;43:441–445
  23. Levitt AJ, Joffe RT, Ennis J, MacDonald C, Kutcher SP. The prevalence of cyclothymia in borderline personality disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 1990;51:335–339
  24. Loranger AW, Sartorius N, Andreoli A, Berger P, Buchheim P, Channabasavanna SM, et al. The international personality disorder examination. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1994;51:215–224
  25. Perugi G, Toni C, Travierso MC, Aksikal HS. The role of cyclothymia in atypical depression: toward a data-based reconceptualisation of the borderline–bipolar II connection. J. Affect. Disord. 2003;73:87–98
  26. Ramklint M, Ekselius L. Personality traits and personaltiy disorders in early onset versus late onset major depression. J. Affect. Disord. 2003;75:35–42
  27. Rao UM, Ryan ND, Birmaher B, Dahl RE, Williamson DE, Kaufman J, et al. Unipolar depression in adolescents: clinical outcome in adulthood. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psych. 1995;34:566–578
  28. Sato T, Bottlender R, Schröter A, Möller H-J. Frequency of manic symptoms during a depressive episode and unipolar ‘depressive mixed state’ as bipolar spectrum. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2003;107:268–274
  29. Skodol A, Gunderson JG, Pfohl B, Widiger TA, Livesley WJ, Siever LJ. The borderline diagnosis I: psychophathology, comorbidity, and personality structure. Biol. Psychiatry. 2002;51:936–950
  30. Smith DJ, Blackwood DHR. Depression in young adults. Adv. Psychiatr. Treat. 2004;10:4–12
  31. Smith DJ, Muir WJ, Blackwood DHR. Is borderline personality disorder part of the bipolar spectrum?. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry. 2004;12:133–139
  32. Smith DJ, Harrison N, Muir W, Blackwood DHR. High prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorders in young adults with recurrent depression: toward a novel diagnostic framework. J. Affect. Disord. 2005;84:167–178
  33. Snaith RP, Harrop FM, Newby DA. Grade scores of the Montgomery–Asberg depression and the clinical anxiety scales. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1986;148:599–601
  34. Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Scale. Outcome Assessment in Clinical Practice. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1996;
  35. World Health Organisation. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Geneva: WHO; 1992;

PII: S0165-0327(05)00080-7

doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2005.02.019

Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 87, Issue 1 , Pages 17-23 , July 2005