Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 85, Issue 3 , Pages 341-350 , April 2005

Relationship of white matter hyperintensities to cerebrospinal fluid glucose polyol pathway metabolites—a pilot study in treatment-resistant affective disorder patients

  • William T. Regenold

      Affiliations

    • Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Research Service, VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +1 410 328 6511; fax: +1 410 328 5584.
  • ,
  • K. Calvin Hisley

      Affiliations

    • Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
  • ,
  • Abraham Obuchowski

      Affiliations

    • Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
  • ,
  • David M. Lefkowitz

      Affiliations

    • Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
  • ,
  • Christopher Marano

      Affiliations

    • Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Research Service, VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
  • ,
  • Peter Hauser

      Affiliations

    • Portland VA Medical Center, Behavioral Health and Clinical Neurosciences Division and NW Hepatitis C Resource Center/Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, 97207, USA

Received 26 May 2004 ,Accepted 21 October 2004.

References 

  1. Alexopoulos GS, Meyers BS, Young RC, Campbell S, Silbersweig D, Charlson M. ‘Vascular depression’ hypothesis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1997;54:915–922
  2. Altshuler LL, Curran JG, Hauser P, Mintz J, Denicoff K, Post R. T2 hyperintensities in bipolar disorder: magnetic resonance imaging comparison and literature meta-analysis. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1995;152:1139–1144
  3. Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1069–1078
  4. Basu R, Brar JS, Chengappa KN, John V, Parepally H, Gershon S, et al. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizoaffective disorder-bipolar subtype. Bipolar Disord. 2004;6:314–318
  5. Bearden CE, Hoffman KM, Cannon TD. The neuropsychology and neuroanatomy of bipolar affective disorder: a critical review. Bipolar Disord. 2001;3:106–150(discussion 151-103)
  6. Cassidy F, Ahearn E, Carroll BJ. Elevated frequency of diabetes mellitus in hospitalized manic-depressive patients. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1999;156:1417–1420
  7. Coffey CE, Figiel GS, Djang WT, Saunders WB, Weiner RD. White matter hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging: clinical and neuroanatomic correlates in the depressed elderly. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1989;1:135–144
  8. Dager SR, Friedman SD, Parow A, Demopulos C, Stoll AL, Lyoo IK, et al. Brain metabolic alterations in medication-free patients with bipolar disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2004;61:450–458
  9. Dupont RM, Jernigan TL, Gillin JC, Butters N, Delis DC, Hesselink JR. Subcortical signal hyperintensities in bipolar patients detected by MRI. Psychiatry Res. 1987;21:357–358
  10. Dupont RM, Jernigan TL, Butters N, Delis D, Hesselink JR, Heindel W, et al. Subcortical abnormalities detected in bipolar affective disorder using magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical and neuropsychological significance. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1990;47:55–59
  11. Eaton WW, Armenian H, Gallo J, Pratt L, Ford DE. Depression and risk for onset of type II diabetes. A prospective population-based study. Diabetes Care. 1996;19:1097–1102
  12. Fazekas F, Niederkorn K, Schmidt R, Offenbacher H, Horner S, Bertha G, et al. White matter signal abnormalities in normal individuals: correlation with carotid ultrasonography, cerebral blood flow measurements, and cerebrovascular risk factors. Stroke. 1988;19:1285–1288
  13. Fazekas F, Koch M, Schmidt R, Offenbacher H, Payer F, Freidl W, et al. The prevalence of cerebral damage varies with migraine type: a MRI study. Headache. 1992;32:287–291
  14. Fazekas F, Kleinert R, Offenbacher H, Schmidt R, Kleinert G, Payer F, et al. Pathologic correlates of incidental MRI white matter signal hyperintensities. Neurology. 1993;43:1683–1689
  15. Filley CM. Neurobehavioral aspects of cerebral white matter disorders. In:  Fogel BS,  Schiffer RB,  Rao SM editor. Comprehensive Neuropsychiatry. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1996;p. 913–933
  16. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders—Non-patient Edition (SCID-I/NP, Version 2.0 - 8/98 revision). 4th edition. New York, New York: Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1998;
  17. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1975;12:189–198
  18. Fukuda H, Kitani M. Cigarette smoking is correlated with the periventricular hyperintensity grade of brain magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke. 1996;27:645–649
  19. Gabbay KH. The sorbitol pathway and the complications of diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 1973;288:831–836
  20. Gershon ES, Hamovit J, Guroff JJ, Dibble E, Leckman JF, Sceery W, et al. A family study of schizoaffective, bipolar I, bipolar II, unipolar, and normal control probands. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1982;39:1157–1167
  21. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 1960;23:56–62
  22. Heesom AE, Millward A, Demaine AG. Susceptibility to diabetic neuropathy in patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is associated with a polymorphism at the 5′ end of the aldose reductase gene. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 1998;64:213–216
  23. Herskovits EH, Itoh R, Melhem ER. Accuracy for detection of simulated lesions: comparison of fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery, proton density-weighted, and T2-weighted synthetic brain MR imaging. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 2001;176:1313–1318
  24. Hickie I, Scott E, Mitchell P, Wilhelm K, Austin MP, Bennett B. Subcortical hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging: clinical correlates and prognostic significance in patients with severe depression. Biol. Psychiatry. 1995;37:151–160
  25. Hwang YC, Sato S, Tsai JY, Yan S, Bakr S, Zhang H, et al. Aldose reductase activation is a key component of myocardial response to ischemia. FASEB J. 2002;16:243–245
  26. Jacquin-Becker C, Labourdette G. Regulation of aldose reductase expression in rat astrocytes in culture. Glia. 1997;20:135–144
  27. Jeerakathil T, Wolf PA, Beiser A, Massaro J, Seshadri S, D'Agostino RB, et al. Stroke risk profile predicts white matter hyperintensity volume: the Framingham study. Stroke. 2004;35:1857–1861
  28. Kato T, Kato N. Mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2000;2:180–190
  29. Kato T, Kunugi H, Nanko S, Kato N. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 2001;62:151–164
  30. Krishnan KR, Goli V, Ellinwood EH, France RD, Blazer DG, Nemeroff CB. Leukoencephalopathy in patients diagnosed as major depressive. Biol. Psychiatry. 1988;23:519–522
  31. Lenze E, Cross D, McKeel D, Neuman RJ, Sheline YI. White matter hyperintensities and gray matter lesions in physically healthy depressed subjects. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1999;156:1602–1607
  32. Liao D, Cooper L, Cai J, Toole J, Bryan N, Burke G, et al. The prevalence and severity of white matter lesions, their relationship with age, ethnicity, gender, and cardiovascular disease risk factors: the ARIC Study. Neuroepidemiology. 1997;16:149–162
  33. Moore PB, El-Badri SM, Cousins D, Shepherd DJ, Young AH, McAllister VL, et al. White matter lesions and season of birth of patients with bipolar affective disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2001;158:1521–1524
  34. Moore PB, Shepherd DJ, Eccleston D, Macmillan IC, Goswami U, McAllister VL, et al. Cerebral white matter lesions in bipolar affective disorder: relationship to outcome. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2001;178:172–176
  35. Mueller PS, Heninger GR, McDonald RK. Insulin tolerance test in depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1969;21:587–594
  36. NIMH, 2003. Bipolar Disorder Research at the National Institute of Mental Health, Fact Sheet., NIH. NIH Publication No. 00-4502.
  37. Nonaka H, Akima M, Hatori T, Nagayama T, Zhang Z, Ihara F. The microvasculature of the cerebral white matter: arteries of the subcortical white matter. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2003;62:154–161
  38. Regenold WT, Kling MA, Hauser P. Elevated sorbitol concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with mood disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2000;25:593–606
  39. Regenold WT, Thapar RK, Marano C, Gavirneni S, Kondapavuluru PV. Increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among psychiatric inpatients with bipolar I affective and schizoaffective disorders independent of psychotropic drug use. J. Affect. Disord. 2002;70:19–26(Corrigendum in J. Affect. Disord. 73 (2003) 2301–2302)
  40. Sassi RB, Brambilla P, Nicoletti M, Mallinger AG, Frank E, Kupfer DJ, et al. White matter hyperintensities in bipolar and unipolar patients with relatively mild-to-moderate illness severity. J. Affect. Disord. 2003;77:237–245
  41. Schmidt R, Fazekas F, Kleinert G, Offenbacher H, Gindl K, Payer F, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging signal hyperintensities in the deep and subcortical white matter. A comparative study between stroke patients and normal volunteers. Arch. Neurol. 1992;49:825–827
  42. Servo C, Pitkanen E. Variation in polyol levels in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 1975;11:575–580
  43. Shetty HU, Holloway HW, Rapoport SI. Capillary gas chromatography combined with ion trap detection for quantitative profiling of polyols in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Anal. Biochem. 1995;224:279–285
  44. Shetty HU, Holloway HW, Schapiro MB. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma distribution of myo-inositol and other polyols in Alzheimer disease. Clin. Chem. 1996;42:298–302
  45. Shintani S, Shiigai T, Arinami T. Silent lacunar infarction on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): risk factors. J. Neurol. Sci. 1998;160:82–86
  46. Stevens MJ, Feldman EL, Greene DA. The aetiology of diabetic neuropathy: the combined roles of metabolic and vascular defects. Diabet. Med. 1995;12:566–579
  47. Swartz RH, Kern RZ. Migraine is associated with magnetic resonance imaging white matter abnormalities: a meta-analysis. Arch. Neurol. 2004;61:1366–1368
  48. Thomas AJ, O'Brien JT, Davis S, Ballard C, Barber R, Kalaria RN, et al. Ischemic basis for deep white matter hyperintensities in major depression: a neuropathological study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2002;59:785–792
  49. van der Knaap MS, Wevers RA, Struys EA, Verhoeven NM, Pouwels PJ, Engelke UF, et al. Leukoencephalopathy associated with a disturbance in the metabolism of polyols. Ann. Neurol. 1999;46:925–928
  50. Weber B, Schweiger U, Deuschle M, Heuser I. Major depression and impaired glucose tolerance. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes. 2000;108:187–190
  51. Winokur A, Maislin G, Phillips JL, Amsterdam JD. Insulin resistance after oral glucose tolerance testing in patients with major depression. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1988;145:325–330
  52. Yetkin FZ, Fischer ME, Papke RA, Haughton VM. Focal hyperintensities in cerebral white matter on MR images of asymptomatic volunteers: correlation with social and medical histories. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 1993;161:855–858
  53. Young RC, Biggs JT, Ziegler VE, Meyer DA. A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1978;133:429–435

PII: S0165-0327(04)00366-0

doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2004.10.010

Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 85, Issue 3 , Pages 341-350 , April 2005