Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 84, Issue 2 , Pages 127-132 , February 2005

Bipolar II vs. unipolar depression: psychopathologic differentiation by dimensional measures

  • Elie G. Hantouche

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +33-1-43-25-08-07; fax: +33-1-43-25-06-35.
    • Adult Psychiatry, Mood Center, Psychiatry Department, Pitiè-Salpêtrière Hôpital, 47 Bd de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
  • ,
  • Hagop S. Akiskal

      Affiliations

    • International Mood Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

Received 15 October 2003 ,Accepted 15 January 2004.

References 

  1. Ahearn EP, Carroll BJ. Short-term variability of mood ratings in unipolar and bipolar depressed patients. J. Affect. Disord. 1996;36:107–115
  2. Akiskal HS. Subaffective disorders: dysthymic, cyclothymic and bipolar II disorders in the “border-line” realm. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 1981;4:25–46
  3. Akiskal HS. The bipolar spectrum: new concepts in classification and diagnosis. In:  Grinspoon L editors. Psychiatry Update: The American Psychiatric Association Annual Review. vol. 2:Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1983;p. 271–292
  4. Akiskal HS, Mallya G. Criteria for the “soft” bipolar spectrum: treatment implications. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 1987;23:68–73
  5. Akiskal HS, Pinto O. The evolving bipolar spectrum: prototypes I, II, III and IV. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 1999;22:517–534
  6. Akiskal HS, Maser JD, Zeller P, Endicott J, Coryell W, Keller M, et al. Switching from “unipolar” to bipolar II: an 11-year prospective study of clinical and temperamental predictors in 559 patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1995;52:114–123
  7. Akiskal HS, Hantouche E, Allilaire JF, Sechter D, Bourgeois M, Azorin JM, et al. Validating antidepressant-associated hypomania (BP-III): systematic comparison with spontaneous hypomania (BP-II). J. Affect. Disord. 2003;73:65–74
  8. Akiskal HS, Hantouche E, Allilaire JF. BP-II with and without cyclothymia: “dark” and “sunny” expressions of soft bipolarity. J. Affect. Disord. 2003;73:49–57
  9. Allilaire J-F, Hantouche EG, Sechter D, Lancrenon S, Chatenêt-Duchêne L, Akiskal HS. Frequency and clinical aspects of BP-II: data from the French multi-site study EPIDEP. Encéphale. 2001;27:149–158
  10. Angst J, Preisig M. Course of a clinical cohort of unipolar, bipolar, and schizo-affective patients: results of a prospective follow-up from 1959 to 1985. Schweiz. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr. 1995;146:5–16
  11. Benazzi F, Akiskal HS. Refining the evaluation of bipolar II: beyond the strict SCID-CV guidelines for hypomania. J. Affect. Disord. 2003;73:33–383
  12. Detre T, Himmelhoch J, Swartzburg M, Anderson CM, Byck R, Kupler DJ. Insomnia and manic-depressive disease. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1972;128:1303–1305
  13. Dunner DL, Dwyer T, Fieve RR. Depressive symptoms in patients with unipolar and bipolar affective disorder. Comp. Psychiatry. 1976;17:447–451
  14. Hantouche EG, Akiskal HS, Lancrenon S, Allilaire JF, Sechter D, Azorin JM, et al. Systematic clinical methodology for validating bipolar-II disorder: data in mid-stream from a French national multisite study (EPIDEP). J. Affect. Disord. 1998;50:163–173
  15. Himmelhoch JM. Social anxiety, hypomania and the bipolar spectrum: data, theory and clinical issues. J. Affect. Disord. 1998;50:203–213
  16. Himmelhoch JM, Thase ME, Mallinger AG, Houck P. Tranylcypromine versus imipramine in anergic bipolar depression. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1991;148:910–916
  17. Joffe RT, Young LT, MacQueen GM. A two-illness model of bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 1999;1:25–30
  18. Katz MM, Robins E, Croughan J, Secunda S, Swann AC. Behavioral measurement and drug response characteristics of unipolar and bipolar depression. Psychol. Med. 1982;12:25–36
  19. Koukopoulos A, Koukopoulos A. Agitated depression as a mixed state and the problem of melancholia. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 1999;22:547–564
  20. Mitchell PB, Wilhelm K, Parker G, Austin MP, Rutgers P, Malhi GS. The clinical features of bipolar depression: a comparison with matched major depressive disorder patients. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2001;62:212–216
  21. Perugi G, Akiskal HS, Lattanzi L, Cecconi D, Mastrocinque C, Patronelli A, et al. The high prevalence of ‘soft’ bipolar (II) features in atypical depression. Compr. Psychiatry. 1998;39:63–71
  22. Rice JP, McDonald-Scott P, Endicott J, Coryell W, Grove WM, Keller MB, et al. The stability of diagnosis with an application to bipolar II disorder. Psychiatry Res. 1986;19:285–296
  23. Swann AC. Is bipolar depression a specific biological entity?. In:  Young LT,  Joffe RT editor. Bipolar Disorder: Biological Models and their Clinical Applications. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1997;p. 255–288
  24. Thase ME, Mallinger AG, McKnight D, Himmelhoch JM. Treatment of imipramine-resistant recurrent depression: IV. A double-blind cross-over study of tranylcypromine for anergic bipolar depression. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1992;149:195–198
  25. Vieta E, Gasto C, Otero A, Nieto E, Vallejo J. Differential features between bipolar I and bipolar II disorder. Compr. Psychiatry. 1997;38:98–101

PII: S0165-0327(04)00142-9

doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2004.01.017

Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 84, Issue 2 , Pages 127-132 , February 2005