Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 81, Issue 1 , Pages 1-16 , July 2004

Geriatric depression and vascular diseases: what are the links?

  • Vincent Camus

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland. Tel.: +33-247-47-65-22.
    • Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
    • Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Tours, France
    • ,
  • Hélène Kraehenbühl

      Affiliations

    • Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
    • ,
  • Martin Preisig

      Affiliations

    • Psychiatric Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
    • ,
  • Christophe J Büla

      Affiliations

    • Division of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
    • ,
  • Gérard Waeber

      Affiliations

    • Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland

Received 10 March 2003 ,Revised 6 August 2003 ,Accepted 8 August 2003.

References 

  1. Agewall S, Wikstrand J, Dahlof C, Fagerberg B. Negative feelings (discontent) predict progress of intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery in treated hypertensive men at high cardiovascular risk. Am. J. Hypertens. 1996;9:545–550
  2. Alexopoulos GS. “The depression-executive dysfunction syndrome of late life”. A specific target for D3 Agonists?. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 2001;9:22–29
  3. Alexopoulos GS, Meyers BS, Young RC, Mattis S, Kakuma T. The course of geriatric depression with “reversible dementia”: a controlled study. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1993;150:1693–1699
  4. Alexopoulos GS, Young RC, Meyers BS. Geriatric depression: age of onset and dementia. Biol. Psychiatry. 1993;34:141–145
  5. Alexopoulos GS, Meyers BS, Young RC, Campbell S, Silbersweig D, Charlson M. ‘Vascular depression’ hypothesis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1997;54:915–922
  6. Alexopoulos GS, Meyers BS, Young RC, Kakuma T, Silbersweig D, Charlson M. Clinically defined vascular depression. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1997;154:562–565
  7. Altar CA. Neurotrophins and depression. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 1999;20:59–62
  8. Anda R, Williamson D, Jones D, Macera C, Eaker E, Glassman A, et al. Depressed affect, hopelessness, and the risk of ischemic heart disease in a cohort of US adults. Epidemiology. 1993;4:285–294
  9. Andersen G, Vestergaard K, Riis J, Lauritzen L. Incidence of post-stroke depression during the first year in a large unselected stroke population determined using a valid standardized rating scale. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1994;90:190–195
  10. Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1069
  11. Angeleri F, Angeleri VA, Foschi N, Giaquinto S, Nolfe G, Saginario A, et al. Depression after stroke: an investigation through catamnesis. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 1997;58:261–265
  12. Angst F, Stassen HH, Clayton PJ, Angst J. Mortality of patients with mood disorders: follow-up over 34–38 years. J. Affect. Disord. 2002;68:167–181
  13. Ariyo AA, Haan M, Tangen CM, Rutledge JC, Cushman M, Dobs A, et al. Depressive symptoms and risks of coronary heart disease and mortality in elderly Americans. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Circulation. 2000;102:1773–1779
  14. Astrom M, Adolfsson R, Asplund K. Major depression in stroke patients. A 3-year longitudinal study. Stroke. 1993;24:976–982
  15. Awad IA, Johnson PC, Spetzler RF, Hodak JA. Incidental subcortical lesions identified on magnetic resonance imaging in the elderly: II. Postmortem pathological correlations. Stroke. 1986;17:1090–1097
  16. Barefoot JC, Helms MJ, Mark DB, Blumenthal JA, Califf RM, Haney TL, et al. Depression and long-term mortality risk in patients with coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 1996;78:613–617
  17. Beekman AT, Penninx BW, Deeg DJ, Ormel J, Smit JH, Braam AW, et al. Depression in survivor of stroke: a community-based study of prevalence, risk factors and consequences. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 1998;33:463–470
  18. Beekman AT, Copeland JRM, Prince MJ. Review of community prevalence of depression in later life. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1999;174:307–311
  19. Blazer DG, Burchett BB, Fillenbaum GG. APOE {epsilon}4 and low cholesterol as risks for depression in a biracial elderly community sample. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 2002;10:515–520
  20. Boerwinkle E, Leffert CC, Lin J, Lackner C, Chiesa G, Hobbs HH. Apolipoprotein(a) gene accounts for greater than 90% of the variation in plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations. J. Clin. Invest. 1992;90:52–60
  21. Bondy B, Baghai TC, Zill P, Bottlender R, Jaeger M, Minov C, et al. Combined action of the ACE D- and the G-protein beta3 T-allele in major depression: a possible link to cardiovascular disease?. Mol. Psychiatry. 2002;7(10):1120–1126
  22. Broadley AJM, Korszun A, Jones CJH, Frenneaux MP. Arterial endothelial function is impaired in treated depression. Heart. 2002;88:521–523
  23. Brodaty H, Luscombe G, Parker G, Wilhelm K, Hickie I, Austin MP, et al. Early and late onset depression in old age: different aetiologies, same phenomenology. J. Affect. Disord. 2001;66:225–236
  24. Brown RP, Sweeney J, Loutsch E, Kocsis J, Frances A. Involutional melancholia revisited. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1984;141:24–28
  25. Burvill PW, Johnson GA, Jamrozik KD, Anderson CS, Stewart-Wynne EG, Chakera TM. Prevalence of depression after stroke: the perth community stroke study. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1995;166:320–327
  26. Butters MA, Becker JT, Nebes RD, Zmuda MD, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG, et al. Changes in cognitive functioning following treatment of late-life depression. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2000;157:1949–1954
  27. Campbell JJ, Coffey CE. Neuropsychiatric significance of subcortical hyperintensity. J. Neuropsychiatry. 2001;13:261–288
  28. Camus V, de Mendonça Lima CA, Gaillard M, Simeone I, Wertheimer J. Are personality disorders more frequent in early onset geriatric depression?. J. Affect. Disord. 1997;46:297–302
  29. Carmelli D, DeCarli C, Swan GE, Jack LM, Reed T, Wolf PA, et al. Evidence for genetic variance in white matter hyperintensity volume in normal elderly male twins. Stroke. 1998;29:1177–1181
  30. Carmelli D, Swan GE, Reed T, Wolf PA, Miller BL, DeCarli C. Midlife cardiovascular risk factors and brain morphology in identical older male twins. Neurology. 1999;52:1119–1124
  31. Carmelli D, Reed T, DeCarli C. A bivariate genetic analysis of cerebral white matter hyperintensities and cognitive performance in elderly male twins. Neurobiol. Aging. 2002;23:413–420
  32. Carney RM, Freedland KE, Eisen SA, Rich MW, Jaffe AS. Major depression and medication adherence in elderly patients with coronary artery disease. Health Psychol. 1995;14:88–90
  33. Carney RM, Blumenthal JA, Stein PK, Watkins L, Catellier D, Berkman LF, et al. Depression, heart rate variability, and acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2001;104:2024–2028
  34. Carney RM, Freedland KE, Miller GE, Jaffe AS. Depression as a risk factor for cardiac mortality and morbidity: a review of potential mechanisms. J. Psychosom. Res. 2002;53:897–902
  35. Carney RM, Freedland KE, Stein PK, Watkins LL, Catellier D, Jaffe AS, et al. Effects of depression on QT interval variability after myocardial infarction. Psychosom. Med. 2003;65:177–180
  36. Carson AJ, MacHale S, Allen K, Lawrie SM, Dennis M, House A, et al. Depression after stroke and lesion location: a systematic review. Lancet. 2000;356:122–126
  37. Charney DS, Menkes DB, Heninger GR. Receptor sensitivity and the mechanism of action of antidepressant treatment. Implications for the etiology and therapy of depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1981;38:1160–1180
  38. Ciechanowski PS, Katon WJ, Russo JE, Hirsch IB. The relationship of depressive symptoms to symptom reporting, self-care and glucose control in diabetes. Gen. Hosp. Psych. 2003;25:246–252
  39. Clouse RE, Lustman PJ, Freedland KE, Griffith LS, McGill JB, Carney RM. Depression and coronary heart disease in women with diabetes. Psychosom. Med. 2003;65:376
  40. Coffey CE, Figiel GS, Djang WT, Cress M, Saunders WB, Weiner RD. Leukoencephalopathy in elderly depressed patients referred for ECT. Biol. Psychiatry. 1988;24:143–161
  41. Coffey CE, Wilkinson WE, Parashos IA, Soady SA, Sullivan RJ, Patterson LJ, et al. Quantitative cerebral anatomy of the aging human brain: a cross-sectional study using magnetic resonance imaging. Neurology. 1992;42:527–536
  42. Connor TJ, Leonard BE. Depression, stress and immunological activation: the role of cytokines in depressive disorders. Life Sci. 1998;62:583–606
  43. Conwell Y, Nelson JC, Kim KM, Mazure CM. Depression in late life: age of onset as marker of a subtype. J. Affect. Disord. 1989;17:189–195
  44. Cook EH, Fletcher KE, Wainwright M, Marks N, Yan SY, Leventhal BL. Primary structure of the human platelet serotonin 5-HT2A receptor: identify with frontal cortex serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. J. Neurochem. 1994;63:465–469
  45. Copeland JR, Beekman AT, Dewey ME, Hooijer C, Jordan A, Lawlor BA, et al  Depression in Europe. Geographical distribution among older people. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1999;174:312–321
  46. Cronin-Golomb A, Corkin S, Rizzo JF, Cohen J, Growdon JH, Banks KS. Visual dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: relation to normal aging. Ann. Neurol. 1991;29:41–52
  47. Dahabra S, Ashton CH, Bahrainian M, Britton PG, Ferrier IN, McAllister VA, et al. Structural and functional abnormalities in elderly patients clinically recovered from early- and late-onset depression. Biol. Psychiatry. 1998;44:34–46
  48. De Clerck F. Effects of serotonin on platelets and blood vessels. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 1991;17(Suppl. 5):S1–S5
  49. de Groot JC, de Leeuw FE, Oudkerk M, Hofman A, Jolles J, Breteler MM. Cerebral white matter lesions and depressive symptoms in elderly adults. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2000;57:1071–1076
  50. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch. Intern. Med. 2000;160:2101–2107
  51. Duffy S, MacVicar BA. Potassium-dependent calcium influx in acutely isolated hippocampal astrocytes. Neuroscience. 1994;61:51–61
  52. Duman RS, Heninger GR, Nestler EJ. A molecular and cellular theory of depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1997;54:597–606
  53. Eaton WW, Armenian H, Gallo J, Pratt L, Ford DE. Depression and risk for onset of type II diabetes. A prospective population-based study. Diabetes Care. 1996;19:1097–1102
  54. Edwards R, Peet M, Shay J, Horrobin D. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in the diet and in red blood cell membranes of depressed patients. J. Affect. Disord. 1998;48:149–155
  55. Evans DL, Nemeroff CB. The dexamethasone suppression test in organic affective syndrome. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1984;141:1465–1467
  56. Everson SA, Goldberg DE, Kaplan GA, Cohen RD, Pukkala E, Tuomilehto J, et al. Hopelessness and risk of mortality and incidence of myocardial infarction and cancer. Psychosom. Med. 1996;58:113–121
  57. Fazekas F, Kleinert R, Offenbacher H, Schmidt R, Kleinert G, Payer F, et al. Pathologic correlates of incidental MRI white matter signal hyperintensities. Neurology. 1993;43:1683–1689
  58. Fedoroff JP, Starkstein SE, Parikh RM, Price TR, Robinson RG. Are depressive symptoms nonspecific in patients with acute stroke?. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1991;148:1172–1176
  59. Figiel GS, Krishnan KR, Doraiswamy PM, Rao VP, Nemeroff CB, Boyko OB. Subcortical hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging: a comparison between late age onset and early onset elderly depressed subjects. Neurobiol. Aging. 1991;12:245–247
  60. Ford DE, Mead LA, Chang PP, Cooper-Patrick L, Wang NY, Klag MJ. Depression is a risk factor for coronary artery disease in men: the precursors study. Arch. Intern. Med. 1998;158:1422
  61. Forrest KY, Becker DJ, Kuller LH, Wolfson SK, Orchard TJ. Are predictors of coronary heart disease and lower-extremity arterial disease in type 1 diabetes the same? A prospective study. Atherosclerosis. 2000;148:159–169
  62. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Talajic M. Depression and 18-month prognosis after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1995;91:999–1005
  63. Gainotti G, Azzoni A, Marra C. Frequency, phenomenology and anatomical correlates of major post stroke depression. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1999;175:163–167
  64. Grace J, O'Brien JT. Association of life events and psychosocial factors with early but not late onset depression in the elderly: implications for possible differences in aetiology. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 2003;18:473–478
  65. Greenwald BS, Kramer-Ginsberg E, Krishnan RR, Ashtari M, Aupperle PM, Patel M. MRI signal hyperintensities in geriatric depression. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1996;153:1212–1215
  66. Guillem E, Pelissolo A, Notides C, Lepine JP. Relationship between attempted suicide, serum cholesterol level and novelty seeking in psychiatric in-patients. Psychiatry Res. 2002;112:83–88
  67. Guttmann CR, Jolesz FA, Kikinis R, Killiany RJ, Moss MB, Sandor T, et al. White matter changes with normal aging. Neurology. 1998;50:972–978
  68. Hachinski VC, Potter P, Merskey H. Leuko-araiosis. Arch. Neurol. 1987;44:21–23
  69. Hance M, Carney RM, Freedland KE, Skala J. Depression in patients with coronary heart disease: a 12-month follow-up. Gen. Hosp. Psych. 1996;18:61–65
  70. Helbecque N, Berr C, Cottel D, Fromentin-David I, Sazdovitch V, Ricolfi F, et al. VLDL receptor polymorphism, cognitive impairment, and dementia. Neurology. 2001;56:1183–1188
  71. Helbecque N, Abderrhamani A, Meylan L, Riederer BM, Mooser V, Miklossy J, et al  Islet-brain 1/C-Jun N-terminal kinase interacting protein-1 (IB1/JIP-1) promoter variant is asssociated with Alzheimer's disease. Mol. Psychiatry. 2003;8:413–422
  72. Hickie I, Scott E, Brodaty H. Subcortical intensities on magnetic resonance imaging in patients with severe depression. A longitudinal evaluation. Biol. Psychiatry. 1997;42:367–374
  73. Hickie I, Scott E, Naismith S, Ward PB, Turner K, Parker G, et al. Late-onset depression: genetic, vascular and clinical contributions. Psychol. Med. 2001;31:1403–1412
  74. Hippisley-Cox J, Fielding K, Pringle M. Depression as risk factor for ischaemic heart disease in men: a population based case-control study. BMJ. 1998;316:1714–1719
  75. Holroyd S, Duryee JJ. Differences in geriatric psychiatry outpatients with early- vs. late-onset depression. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 1997;12:1100–1106
  76. Horrobin DF. Abnormal membrane concentration of 20 and 22-carbon essential fatty-acids: a common link between risk factors and coronary and peripheral vascular disease?. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids. 1995;53:385–396
  77. Horrobin DF, Bennett CN. Depression and bipolar disorder: relationships to impaired fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism and to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, immunological abnormalities, cancer, ageing and osteoporosis. Possible candidate genes. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids. 1999;60:217–234
  78. Horrobin DF. Phospholipid metabolism and depression: the possible roles of phospholipase A2 and coenzyme a-independent tracyclase. [abstract] Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp. 2001;16:45–52
  79. Iidaka T, Nakajima T, Kawamoto K, Fukuda H, Suzuki Y, Maehara T, et al. Signal hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging in elderly depressed patients. Eur. Neurol. 1996;36:293–299
  80. Jackson EJ, Rajah S, Morris C, Ballard C, Thomas AJ, O'Brien JT. Is apolipoprotein e4 associated with cognitive decline in depression?. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 2001;16:436–437
  81. Jonas BSSP, Mussolino MEM. Symptoms of depression as a prospective risk factor for stroke. Psychosom. Med. 2000;62:463–471
  82. Kawachi I, Sparrow D, Kubzansky LD, Spiro A, Vokonas PS, Weiss ST. Prospective study of a self-report type A scale and risk of coronary heart disease: test of the MMPI-2 type A scale. [comment] Circulation. 1998;98:405–412
  83. Kawakami N, Takatsuka N, Shimizu H, Ishibashi H. Depressive symptoms and occurrence of type 2 diabetes among Japanese men. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:1071–1076
  84. Kim JS. Cytokines and adhesion molecules in stroke and related diseases. J. Neurol. Sci. 1996;137:69–78
  85. Kinder LS, Kamarck TW, Baum A, Orchard TJ. Depressive symptomatology and coronary heart disease in type I diabetes mellitus: a study of possible mechanisms. Health Psychol. 2002;21:542–552
  86. Kraepelin E. Psychiatrie: ein Lehrbuch für studierende und Ärzte. Leipzig: J.A. Barth; 1896;
  87. Kramer-Ginsberg E, Greenwald BS, Krishnan KR, Christiansen B, Hu J, Ashtari M, et al. Neuropsychological functioning and MRI signal hyperintensities in geriatric depression. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1999;156:438–444
  88. Krishnan KR, McDonald WM, Doraiswamy PM, Tupler LA, Husain M, Boyko OB, et al. Neuroanatomical substrates of depression in the elderly. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1993;243:41–46
  89. Krishnan KR, Tupler LA, Ritchie JC, McDonald WM, Knight DL, Nemeroff CB, et al. Apolipoprotein E-epsilon 4 frequency in geriatric depression. Biol. Psychiatry. 1996;40:69–71
  90. Krishnan KR, Hays JC, Blazer DG. MRI-defined vascular depression. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1997;154:497–501
  91. Ladwig KH, Kieser M, Konig J, Breithardt G, Borggrefe M. Affective disorders and survival after acute myocardial infarction. Results from the postinfarction late potential study. Eur. Heart J. 1991;12:959–964
  92. Ladwig KH, Marten-Mittag B, Lowel H, Doring A, Koenig W. Influence of depressive mood on the association of CRP and obesity in 3205 middle aged healthy men. Brain Behav. Immun. 2003;17:268–275
  93. Laghrissi-Thode F, Wagner WR, Pollock BG, Johnson PC, Finkel MS. Elevated platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin plasma levels in depressed patients with ischemic heart disease. Biol. Psychiatry. 1997;42:290–295
  94. Lavretsky H, Lesser IM, Wohl M, Miller BL, Mehringer CM, Vinters HV. Apolipoprotein-E and white-matter hyperintensities in late-life depression. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 2000;8:257–261
  95. Leaf A, Kang JX. Omega 3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. World Rev. Nutr. Diet. 1998;83:24–37
  96. Leboyer M, Bellivier F, Nosten-Bertrand M, Jouvent R, Pauls D, Mallet J. Psychiatric genetics: search for phenotypes. Trends Neurosci. 1998;21:102–105
  97. Lee AL, Ogle WO, Sapolsky RM. Stress and depression: possible links to neuron death in the hippocampus. Bipolar Disord. 2002;4:117–128
  98. Lesser IM, Boone KB, Mehringer CM, Wohl MA, Miller BL, Berman NG. Cognition and white matter hyperintensities in older depressed patients. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1996;153:1280–1287
  99. Liao D, Cooper L, Cai J, Toole J, Bryan N, Burke G, et al. The prevalence and severity of white matter lesions, their relationship with age, ethnicity, gender, and cardiovascular disease risk factors: the ARIC Study. Neuroepidemiology. 1997;16:149–162
  100. Lipsey JR, Spencer WC, Rabins PV, Robinson RG. Phenomenological comparison of poststroke depression and functional depression. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1986;143:527–529
  101. Lockwood KA, Alexopoulos GS, Kakuma T, Van Gorp WG. Subtypes of cognitive impairment in depressed older adults. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 2000;8:201–208
  102. Lockwood KA, Alexopoulos GS, Kakuma T, Van Gorp WG. Subtypes of cognitive impairment in depressed older adults. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 2000;8:201–208
  103. Lyness JM, Moynihan JA, Williford DJ, Cox C, Caine ED. Depression, medical illness, and interleukin-1beta in older cardiac patients. Int. J. Psychiatry Med. 2001;31:305–310
  104. Maes M, Smith R, Christophe A, Cosyns P, Desnyder R, Meltzer H. Fatty acid composition in major depression: decreased [omega]3 fractions in cholesteryl esters and increased C20: 4[omega]6/C20: 5[omega]3 ratio in cholesteryl esters and phospholipids. J. Affect. Disord. 1996;38:35–46
  105. Marcusson JO, Ross SB. Binding of some antidepressants to the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter in brain and platelets. Psychopharmacology. 1990;102:145–155
  106. Mauricio M, O'Hara R, Yesavage JA, Friedman L, Kraemer HC, Van De WM, et al. A longitudinal study of apolipoprotein-E genotype and depressive symptoms in community-dwelling older adults. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 2000;8:196–200
  107. McLean JW, Tomlinson JE, Kuang WJ, Eaton DL, Chen EY, Fless GM, et al. cDNA sequence of human apolipoprotein(a) is homologous to plasminogen. Nature. 1987;330:132–137
  108. Merikangas KR, Chakravarti A, Moldin SO, Araj H, Blangero J, Burmeister M, et al. Future of genetics of mood disorders research. Biol. Psychiatry. 2002;52:457–477
  109. Mobley W, Howe C, DelCroix JD, Beattie E. NGF signalling from endosomes. J. Neurochem. 2002;81(Suppl 1):79
  110. Mooser V, Helbecque N, Miklossy J, Marcovina SM, Nicod P, Amouyel P. Interactions between apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein(a) in patients with late-onset Alzheimer disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 2000;132:533–537
  111. Murphy JM, Monson RR, Olivier DC, Sobol AM, Leighton AH. Affective disorders and mortality. A general population study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1987;44:473–480
  112. Musselman DL, Tomer A, Manatunga AK, Knight BT, Porter MR, Kasey S, et al. Exaggerated platelet reactivity in major depression. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1996;153:1313–1317
  113. Musselman DL, Evans DL, Nemeroff CB. The relationship of depression to cardiovascular disease: epidemiology, biology, and treatment. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1998;55:580–592
  114. Musselman DL, Miller AH, Porter MR, Manatunga A, Gao F, Penna S, et al. Higher than normal plasma interleukin-6 concentrations in cancer patients with depression: preliminary findings. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2001;158:1252–1257
  115. Nebes RD, Vora IJ, Meltzer CC, Fukui MB, Williams RL, Kamboh MI, et al. Relationship of deep white matter hyperintensities and apolipoprotein E genotype to depressive symptoms in older adults without clinical depression. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2001;158:878–884
  116. Nemeroff C, Musselman D. Are platelets the link between depression and ischemic heart disease?. Am. Heart J. 2000;140:57–62
  117. Nemeroff CB, Widerlov E, Bissette G, Walleus H, Karlsson I, Eklund K, et al. Elevated concentrations of CSF corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depressed patients. Science. 1984;226:1342–1344
  118. Nestler EJ, Barrot M, DiLeone RJ, Eisch AJ, Gold SJ, Monteggia LM. Neurobiology of depression. Neuron. 2002;34:13–25
  119. O'Brien JT, Ames D, Schweitzer I. Withe matter changes in depression and Alzheiemr's disease: a review of magnetic resonance imaging studies. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 1996;11:681–694
  120. O'Brien J, Ames D, Chiu E, Schweitzer I, Desmond P, Tress B. Severe deep white matter lesions and outcome in elderly patients with major depressive disorder: follow up study. BMJ. 1998;317:982–984
  121. Ohira T, Iso H, Satoh S, Sankai T, Tanigawa T, Ogawa Y, et al. Prospective study of depressive symptoms and risk of stroke among Japanese. Stroke. 2001;32:903–908
  122. Palsson SP, Östling S, Skoog I. The incidence of first-onset depression in a population followed from the age of 70 to 85. Psychol. Med. 2001;31:1159–1168
  123. Papakostas GI, Petersen T, Mischoulon D, Hughes ME, Alpert JE, Nierenberg AA, et al. Serum cholesterol and serotonergic function in major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2003;118:137–145
  124. Partonen T, Haukka J, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Lonnqvist J. Association of low serum total cholesterol with major depression and suicide. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1999;175:259–262
  125. Pellet JB, Haefliger JA, Staple JK, Widmann C, Welker E, Hirling H, et al. Spatial, temporal and subcellular localization of islet-brain 1 (IB1), a homologue of JIP-1, in mouse brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2000;12:621–632
  126. Penninx BW, Beekman AT, Honig A, Deeg DJ, Schoevers RA, van Eijk JT, et al. Depression and cardiac mortality: results from a community-based longitudinal study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2001;58:221–227
  127. Penttinen J, Valonen P. Use of psychotropic drugs and risk of myocardial infarction: a case-control study in Finnish farmers. Int. J. Epidemiol. 1996;25:760–762
  128. Pike LJ, Casey L. Cholesterol levels modulate EGF receptor-mediated signaling by altering receptor function and trafficking. Biochemistry. 2002;41:10315–10322
  129. Pollock BGM, Laghrissi-Thode FM, Wagner WRP. Evaluation of platelet activation in depressed patients with ischemic heart disease after paroxetine or nortriptyline treatment. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2000;20:137–140
  130. Post F. The management and nature of depressive illnesses in late life: a follow-through study. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1972;121:393–404
  131. Pratt LA, Ford DE, Crum RM, Armenian HK, Gallo JJ, Eaton WW. Depression, psychotropic medication, and risk of myocardial infarction. Prospective data from the Baltimore ECA follow-up. Circulation. 1996;94:3123–3129
  132. Pugh KG, Lipsitz LA. The microvascular frontal-subcortical syndrome of aging. Neurobiol. Aging. 2002;23:421–431
  133. Raadsheer FC, Hoogendijk WJ, Stam FC, Tilders FJ, Swaab DF. Increased numbers of corticotropin-releasing hormone expressing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of depressed patients. Neuroendocrinology. 1994;60:436–444
  134. Rabins PV, Pearlson GD, Aylward E, Kumar AJ, Dowell K. Cortical magnetic resonance imaging changes in elderly inpatients with major depression. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1991;148:617–620
  135. Rajagopalan S, Brook R, Rubenfire M, Pitt E, Young E, Pitt B. Abnormal brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation in young adults with major depression. Am. J. Cardiol. 2001;88:196–198
  136. Ramasubbu R. Insulin resistance: a metabolic link between depressive disorder and atherosclerotic vascular diseases. Med. Hypotheses. 2002;59:537–551
  137. Rigaud AS, Latour F, Moulin F, Forette F, Traykov L, Boller F. Apolipoprotein E 4 allele and clinically defined vascular depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2002;59:290–291
  138. Rios M, Fan G, Fekete C, Kelly J, Bates B, Kuehn R, et al. Conditional deletion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the postnatal brain leads to obesity and hyperactivity. Mol. Endocrinol. 2001;15:1748–1757
  139. Romanelli J, Fauerbach JA, Bush DE, Ziegelstein RC. The significance of depression in older patients after myocardial infarction. [comment] J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2002;50:817–822
  140. Roose SP, Glassman AH, Attia E, Woodring S, Giardina EG, Bigger JT. Cardiovascular effects of fluoxetine in depressed patients with heart disease. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1998;155:660–665
  141. Roose SP, Laghrissi-Thode F, Kennedy JS, Nelson JC, Bigger JT, Pollock BG, et al. Comparison of paroxetine and nortriptyline in depressed patients with ischemic heart disease. JAMA. 1998;279:287–291
  142. Rosenman RH, Brand RJ, Jenkins D, Friedman M, Straus R, Wurm M. Coronary heart disease in Western Collaborative Group Study. Final follow-up experience of 8 1/2 years. JAMA. 1975;233:872–877
  143. Roth M. The natural history of mental disorders in old age. J. Ment. Sci. 1955;101:281–301
  144. Rozanski A, Blumenthal JA, Kaplan J. Impact of psychological factors on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and implications for therapy. Circulation. 1999;99:2192–2217
  145. Salomon A, Yeates AE, Burger PC, Heinz ER. Subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy: brain stem findings with MR imaging. Radiology. 1987;165:625–629
  146. Simpson SW, Jackson A, Baldwin RC, Burns A. 1997 IPA/Bayer Research Awards in Psychogeriatrics. Subcortical hyperintensities in late-life depression: acute response to treatment and neuropsychological impairment. Int. Psychogeriatr. 1997;9:257–275
  147. Simpson S, Baldwin RC, Jackson A, Burns AS. Is subcortical disease associated with a poor response to antidepressants? Neurological, neuropsychological and neuroradiological findings in late-life depression. Psychol. Med. 1998;28:1015–1026
  148. Solfrizzi V, Panza F, D'Introno A, Colacicco AM, Capurso C, Basile AM, et al. Lipoprotein(a), apolipoprotein E genotype, and risk of Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2002;72:732–736
  149. Solomon K. Personality disorders in the elderly: an overview. In: Personality Disorders, Diagnosis and Management. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1994;p. 151–191
  150. Sonawalla SB, Papakostas GI, Petersen TJ, Yeung AS, Smith MM, Sickinger AH, et al. Elevated cholesterol levels associated with nonresponse to fluoxetine treatment in major depressive disorder. Psychosomatics. 2002;43:310–316
  151. Steffens DC, Helms MJ, Krishnan KR, Burke GL. Cerebrovascular disease and depression symptoms in the cardiovascular health study. Stroke. 1999;30:2159–2166
  152. Steffens DC, Krishnan KRR, Crump C, Burke GL. Cerebrovascular disease and evolution of depressive symptoms in the cardiovascular health study. Stroke. 2002;33:1636–1644
  153. Steffens DC, Svenson I, Marchuk DA, Levy RM, Hays JC, Flint EP, et al. Allelic differences in the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region in geriatric depression. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 2002;10:185–191
  154. Stein PK, Carney RM, Freedland KE, Skala JA, Jaffe AS, Kleiger RE, et al. Severe depression is associated with markedly reduced heart rate variability in patients with stable coronary heart disease. [comment] J. Psychosom. Res. 2000;48:493–500
  155. Talbot F, Nouwen A. A review of the relationship between depression and diabetes in adults: is there a link?. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:1556–1562
  156. Tanskanen A, Vartiainen E, Tuomilehto J, Viinam ki H, Lehtonen J, Puska P. High serum cholesterol and risk of suicide. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2000;157:648–650
  157. Taragano FE, Allegri R, Vicario A, Bagnatti P, Lyketsos CG. A double blind, randomized clinical trial assessing the efficacy and safety of augmenting standard antidepressant therapy with nimodipine in the treatment of ‘vascular depression’. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 2001;16:254–260
  158. Taylor WD, MacFall JR, Steffens DC, Payne ME, Provenzale JM, Krishnan KR. Localization of age-associated white matter hyperintensities in late-life depression. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 2003;27:539–544
  159. Thomas AJ, Ferrier IN, Kalaria RN, Woodward SA, Ballard C, Oakley A, et al. Elevation in late-life depression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2000;157:1682–1684
  160. Thomas AJ, Ferrier IN, Kalaria RN, Perry RH, Brown A, O'Brien JT. A neuropathological study of vascular factors in late-life depression. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2001;70:83–87
  161. Thomas AJ, O'Brien JT, Davis S, Ballard C, Barber R, Kalaria RN, et al. Ischemic basis for deep white matter hyperintensities in major depression: a neuropathological study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2002;59:785–792
  162. Thomas AJ, Ferrier IN, Kalaria RN, Davis SUE, O'Brien JT. Cell adhesion molecule expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex in major depression in the elderly. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2002;181:129–134
  163. Timmermann DB, Lund TM, Belhage B, Schousboe A. Localization and pharmacological characterization of voltage dependent calcium channels in cultured neocortical neurons. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 2001;19:1–10
  164. Troxler RG, Sprague EA, Albanese RA, Fuchs R, Thompson AJ. The association of elevated plasma cortisol and early atherosclerosis as demonstrated by coronary angiography. Atherosclerosis. 1977;26:151–162
  165. Underwood KW, Andemariam B, McWilliams GL, Liscum L. Quantitative analysis of hydrophobic amine inhibition of intracellular cholesterol transport. J. Lipid Res. 1996;37:1556–1568
  166. Urakami K, Wada-Isoe K, Wakutani Y, Ikeda K, Ji Y, Yamagata K, et al. Lipoprotein(a) phenotypes in patients with vascular dementia. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 2000;11:135–138
  167. Van den Berg MD, Oldehinkel AJ, Bouhuys AL, Brilman EI, Beekman AT, Ormel J. Depression in later life: three etiologically different subgroups. J. Affect. Disord. 2001;65:19–26
  168. Videbech P. MRI findings in patients with affective disorder: a meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1997;96:157–168
  169. von Schacky C. n−3 fatty acids and the prevention of coronary atherosclerosis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000;71:224S–227S
  170. Waeber G, Delplanque J, Bonny C, Mooser V, Steinmann M, Widmann C, et al  The gene MAPK8IP1, encoding islet-brain-1, is a candidate for type 2 diabetes. Nat. Genet. 2000;24:291–295
  171. Williams SA, Kasl SV, Heiat A, Abramson JL, Krumholz HM, Vaccarino V. Depression and risk of heart failure among the elderly: a prospective community-based study. Psychosom. Med. 2002;64:6–12
  172. Writing Committee for the ENRICHD Investigators . Effects of treating depression and low perceived social support on clinical events after myocardial infarction: the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD) Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2003;289:3106
  173. Yong-Ku K, Heon-Jeong L, Ji-Yeon K, Do-Kyung Y, So-Hyun C, Min-Soo L. Low serum cholesterol is correlated to suicidality in a Korean sample. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2002;105:141–148
  174. Zenker G, Koltringer P, Bone G, Niederkorn K, Pfeiffer K, Jurgens G. Lipoprotein(a) as a strong indicator for cerebrovascular disease. Stroke. 1986;17:942–945
  175. Ziegelstein RC, Fauerbach JA, Stevens SS, Romanelli J, Richter DP, Bush DE. Patients with depression are less likely to follow recommendations to reduce cardiac risk during recovery from a myocardial infarction. Arch. Intern. Med. 2000;160:1818–1823
  176. Zubenko GS, Sullivan P, Nelson JP, Belle SH, Huff FJ, Wolf GL. Brain imaging abnormalities in mental disorders of late life. Arch. Neurol. 1990;47:1107–1111
  177. Zubenko GS, Henderson R, Stiffler JS, Stabler S, Rosen J, Kaplan BB. Association of the APOE epsilon 4 allele with clinical subtypes of late life depression. Biol. Psychiatry. 1996;40:1008–1016

PII: S0165-0327(03)00205-2

doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2003.08.003

Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 81, Issue 1 , Pages 1-16 , July 2004

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution