Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 81, Issue 2 , Pages 103-113 , August 2004

Evaluating the inter-episode stability of depressive mixed states

Received 23 January 2003 ,Accepted 16 April 2003.

References 

  1. Abrams R, Taylor MA. A comparison of unipolar and bipolar depressive illness. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1980;137:1084–1087
  2. Akiskal HS, Maser J, Zeller PJ, Endicott J, Coryell W, Keller M, et al. Switching from ‘unipolar’ to bipolar II: an 11-year prospective study of clinical and temperament predictors in 559 patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1995;52:114–123
  3. Akiskal HS. The prevalent clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders: beyond DSM-IV. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 1996;16:4S–14S
  4. Akiskal HS, Pinto O. The evolving bipolar spectrum: phenotypes I, II, III, and IV. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 1999;22:517–534
  5. Akiskal HS, Bourgeois ML, Angst J, Post R, Möller H-J, Hirschfeld R. Re-evaluating the prevalence of and diagnostic composition within the broad clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders. J. Affect. Disord. 2000;59:S5–S30
  6. Akiskal HS. Mood disorders: clinical features. In:  Sadock BJ,  Sadock V editor. Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 7th Edition. Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins; 2000;p. 1338–1376
  7. Akiskal HS. Validating ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ phenotypes within the bipolar spectrum: continuity and discontinuity. J. Affect. Disord. 2003;73:1–5
  8. Akiskal HS, Benazzi F. Family history validation of the bipolar nature of depressive mixed states. J. Affect. Disord. 2003;73:113–122
  9. Andreasen NC, Grove W. The classification of depression: traditional versus mathematical approaches. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1982;139:45–52
  10. Association for Methodology and Documentation in Psychiatry (AMDP) . Das AMDP-System: Manual zur Dokumentation Psychiatrischer Befunde. 5th Edition. Berlin: Springer; 1981;
  11. Bartko JJ, Carpenter WT. On the methods and theory of reliability. J. Ment. Nerv. Dis. 1976;163:307–317
  12. Beigel A, Murphy DL. Unipolar and bipolar affective illness: differences in clinical characteristics accompanying depressives. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1971;24:215–220
  13. Benazzi F. Depressive mixed states: unipolar and bipolar II. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2000;250:249–253
  14. Benazzi F, Akiskal HS. Delineating bipolar II mixed states in the Ravenna-San Diego collaborative study: the relative prevalence and diagnostic significance of hypomanic features during major depressive episodes. J. Affect. Disord. 2001;67:115–122
  15. Benazzi F. Atypical depression with hypomanic symptoms. J. Affect. Disord. 2001;65:179–183
  16. Bottlender, R., Sato, T., Kleindienst, N., Möller, H.-J., 2003. Depressive mixed features predict a maniform switch during antidepressant treatments in bipolar I depressives. J. Affect. Disord. (in press).
  17. Coryell W, Winokur G, Shea T, Maser JD, Endicott J, Akiskal HS. The long-term stability of depressive subtypes. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1995;151:199–204
  18. Geller B, Zimerman B, Williams M, Bolhofner K, Craney JL. Bipolar disorder at prospective follow-up of adults who had prepubertal major depressive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2001;158:125–127
  19. Goldberg JF, Harrow M, Whiteside JE. Risk for bipolar illness in patients initially hospitalized for unipolar depression. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2001;158:1265–1270
  20. Goodwin FK, Jamison KR. Manic-Depressive Illness. New York: Oxford University Press; 1990;
  21. Himmelhoch J, Coble P, Kupfer DJ, Ingenito J. Agitated psychotic depression associated with severe hypomanic episodes: a rare syndrome. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1976;133:765–771
  22. Kraepelin E. Manic Depressive Insanity and Paranoia. Edinburgh: Livingston; 1921;
  23. Kuny S, von Luckner N, Baenninger R, Bauer P, Eichenberger G, Woggon B. Interrater reliability of AMDP and AMP symptoms. In:  Bobon D, et al. editor. AMDP-System in Pharmacopsychiatry. Basel: Karger; 1983;p. 143–160
  24. Mitchell P, Parker G, Jamieson K, Wihelm K, Hickie I, Brodaty H, et al. Are there any differences between bipolar and unipolar melancholia?. J. Affect. Disord. 1992;25:97–106
  25. Mitchell P, Wihelm K, Parker G, Austin M-P, Rutgers P, Malhi GS. The clinical features of bipolar depression: a comparison with matched major depressive disorder patients. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2001;62:212–216
  26. Noreen EW. Computer Intensive Methods for Testing Hypotheses. New York: Wiley; 1989;
  27. Perugi G, Akiskal HS, Micheli C, Musetti L, Paiano A, Quilici C, et al. Clinical subtypes of bipolar mixed states: validating a broader European definition in 143 cases. J. Affect. Disord. 1997;43:169–180
  28. Raskin A, Schlterbrandt J, Reatig N, McKeon JJ. Replication of factors of psychopathology in interview, ward behavior and self-report ratings of hospitalized depressives. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1969;148:87–98
  29. Renfordt E, Busch H, von Cranach M, Gulbinat W, Tegeler M. Particular aspects of the interrater reliability of the AMDP psychopathology scale. In:  Bobon D, et al. editor. AMDP-System in Pharmacopsychiatry. Basel: Karger; 1983;p. 125–142
  30. Sato, T., Bottlender, R., Kleindienst, N., Möller, H.-J., 2003a. Irritable psychomotor elation in depressed inpatients: a factor validation of mixed depression. J. Affect. Disord. (in press)
  31. Sato T, Bottlender R, Schröter A, Möller H-J. Frequency of manic symptoms during a depressive episode and unipolar ‘depressive mixed state’ as bipolar spectrum. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2003;107:268–274
  32. Woods SW, Money R, Baker CB. Does the manic/mixed distinction in bipolar disorder patients run true over time?. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2001;158:1324–1326
  33. World Health Organization . The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva: WHO; 1992;

PII: S0165-0327(03)00159-9

doi: 10.1016/S0165-0327(03)00159-9

Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 81, Issue 2 , Pages 103-113 , August 2004