Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 85, Issue 1 , Pages 169-180 , March 2005

Affective temperament traits measured by TEMPS-I and emotional-behavioral problems in clinically-well children, adolescents, and young adults

  • Salvatore Signoretta

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Carrara, Italy
  • ,
  • Icro Maremmani

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Carrara, Italy
    • Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
    • Association for the Application of Neuroscientific Knowledge to Social Aims, Pietrasanta, Lucca, Italy
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Present address: Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56100, Pisa, Italy. Tel.: +39-050-993045; fax: +39-050-21581.
  • ,
  • Antonia Liguori

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Carrara, Italy
  • ,
  • Giulio Perugi

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Carrara, Italy
    • Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
  • ,
  • Hagop S. Akiskal

      Affiliations

    • International Mood Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego and Veterans Administration Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA

Received 7 September 2002 ,Accepted 18 February 2003.

References 

  1. Akiskal HS. Subaffective disorders: dysthymic, cyclothymic and bipolar II disorders in the ‘borderline’ realm. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 1981;4:25–46
  2. Akiskal HS. Delineating irritable-choleric and hyperthymic temperaments as variants of cyclothymia. J. Pers. Disord. 1992;6:326–342
  3. Akiskal HS. Developmental pathways to bipolarity: are juvenile-onset depressions pre-bipolar?. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry. 1995;34:754–763
  4. Akiskal HS. The temperamental foundations of mood disorders. In:  Mundt CH editors. Interpersonal Factors in the Origin and Course of Affective Disorders. London: Gaskell; 1996;p. 3–30
  5. Akiskal HS, Mallya G. Criteria for the ‘soft’ bipolar spectrum: treatment implications. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 1987;23:68–73
  6. Akiskal HS, Djenderedjian AM, Rosenthal RH. Cyclothymic disorder: validating criteria for inclusion in the bipolar affective group. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1977;134:1227–1233
  7. Akiskal HS, Khani MK, Scott-Strauss A. Cyclothymic temperamental disorders. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 1979;2:527–554
  8. Akiskal HS, Placidi GF, Maremmani I, et al.  TEMPS-I: delineating the most discriminant traits of the cyclothymic, depressive, hyperthymic and irritable temperaments in a non-patient population. J. Affect. Disord. 1998;51:7–19
  9. Akiskal HS, Hantouche EG, Lancrenon S. Bipolar II with and without cyclothymic temperament: ‘dark’ and ‘sunny’ expressions of soft bipolarity. J. Affect. Disord. 2003;73:49–57
  10. Alneas R, Torgensen S. Personality and personality disorders among patients with major depression in combination with dysthymic or cyclothymic disorders. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1989;79:363–369
  11. Bates JE. Application of temperament concepts. In:  Kohnstamm GA, et al. editor. Temperament in Childhood. New York: Wiley; 1989;p. 321–356
  12. Berger M. Temperament and individual differences. In:  Rutter M,  Hersov L editor. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Modern Approaches. Oxford: Blackwell; 1985;p. 3–16
  13. Biederman J, Rosenbaum JF, Hirshfeld DR, et al.  Psychiatric correlates of behavioural inhibition in young children of parents with and without psychiatric disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1990;47:21–26
  14. Bowen RC, Offord DR, Boyle MH. The prevalence of overanxious disorder and separation anxiety disorder: results from the Ontario Child Health Study. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry. 1990;29:753–758
  15. Buss AH, Plomin R. Temperament: Early Developing Personality Traits. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1984;
  16. Campbell S, Ewing L. Follow-up of hard-to-manage preschoolers: adjustment at age 9 and predictors of continuing symptoms. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry. 1990;31:871–889
  17. Carlson GA, Hashani JK, Thomas MdF, et al.  Comparison of two structured interviews on a psychiatrically hospitalized population of children. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry. 1987;26:645–648
  18. Costello EJ. Developments in child psychiatric epidemiology. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry. 1989;28:836–841
  19. Crisp AH. The psychopathology of anorexia nervosa: getting the ‘heat’ out of the system. In:  Stunkard AJ,  Stellar E editor. Eating and Its Disorders. New York: Raven; 1984;
  20. Earls F. Temperament characteristics and behavior problems in 3-year-old children. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1981;169:367–373
  21. Earls F, Jung K. Temperament and home environment characteristics as causal factors in the early development of childhood psychopathology. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry. 1987;26:491–498
  22. Eckblad M, Chapman LJ. Development and validation of scale for hypomanic personality. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 1986;95:214–222
  23. Eysenck HJ. Dimensions of Personality. London: Kegan, Trench and Trubner; 1947;
  24. Feighner JP, Robins E, Guze SB, et al.  Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1972;26:57–63
  25. Garrison W, Earls F. Temperament and Child Psychopathology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1987;
  26. Graham P, Rutter M, George S. Temperamental characteristics as predictors of behavior disorders in children. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry. 1973;43:328–339
  27. Hirschfeld RMA, Klerman GL, Lavori P, et al.  Premorbid personality assessments of first onset of major depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1989;46:345–350
  28. Kagan J, Reznick JS, Snidam N. Biological bases of childhood shyness. Science. 1988;240:167–171
  29. Kashani JH, Orvaschel H. A community study of anxiety in children and adolescents. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1990;147:313–318
  30. Kelvin RG, Goodyer IM, Altham PME. Temperament and psychopathology amongst siblings of probands with depressive and anxiety disorders. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry. 1996;37:543–550
  31. Klein DN, Lewinshon PM, Seeley JR. Hypomanic personality traits in a community sample of adolescents. J. Affect. Disord. 1996;38:135–143
  32. Koukopulos A, Caliari B, Tundo A, et al.  Rapid cyclers, temperament, and antidepressants. Compr. Psychiatry. 1983;24:249–258
  33. Kraepelin E. Manic-Depressive Illness and Paranoia. Edinburgh: Livingstone; 1921;
  34. Kretschmer E. Physique and Character. New York: Macmillan; 1936;
  35. Maziade M, Caron C, Coté R, et al.  Extreme temperament and diagnosis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1990;47:477–484
  36. Perugi G, Akiskal HS, Micheli C, et al.  Clinical subtypes of bipolar mixed states: validating a broader European definition in 143 cases. J. Affect. Disord. 1997;43:169–180
  37. Perugi G, Akiskal HS, Lattanzi L, et al.  The high prevalence of ‘soft’ bipolar (II) features in atypical depression. Compr. Psychiatry. 1998;39:63–71
  38. Perugi G, Toni C, Akiskal HS. Anxious-bipolar comorbidity: diagnostic and treatment challenges. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 1999;22:565–583
  39. Placidi GF, Signoretta S, Liguori A, et al.  The semi-structured affective temperament interview (TEMPS-I). Reliability and psychometric properties in 1010 14–26-year-old students. J. Affect. Disord. 1998;47:1–10
  40. Prior M. Childhood temperament. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry. 1992;33:249–279
  41. Reich W, Shayka JJ, Taibleson C. Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescent (DICA-R-A): Adolescent Version: DSM-III-R Version. St Louis, MO, USA: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University; 1992;
  42. Rende RD. Longitudinal relations between temperament traits and behavioral syndromes in middle childhood. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry. 1993;32:287–290
  43. Rothbart MK, Ahadi SA, Evans DE. Temperament and personality: origins and outcomes. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2000;78:122–135
  44. Rutter M. Temperament, personality and personality disorders. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1987;150:443–458
  45. Schneider K. Psychopathic Personalities. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1958;
  46. Stevenson J, Richman N, Graham P. Behavior problems and language abilities at 3 years and behavioral deviance at 8 years. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry. 1985;26:215–230
  47. Thomas A, Chess S. Genesis and evolution of behavioral disorders: from infancy to adult life. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1984;141:1–9
  48. Verhulst FC. A review of community studies. In:  Verhulst FC,  Koot GM editor. The Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. Cambridge, MA: Oxford University Press; 1995;p. 146–177
  49. von Zerssen D. Normal and abnormal variants of premorbid personality in functional mental disorders: conceptual and methodological issues. J. Pers. Disord. 1993;7:116–136
  50. von Zerssen D, Possl J. The premorbid personality of patients with different subtypes of an affective illness. Statistical analysis of blind assignment of case history data to clinical diagnoses. J. Affect. Disord. 1990;18:39–50
  51. Warren LA, Kessler RC, Hughes M, et al.  Prevalence and correlates of drug use and dependence in the United States. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1995;52:219–229
  52. Weinberg NZ, Rahdert E, Colliver JD, et al.  Adolescent substance abuse: a review of the past 10 years. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry. 1998;37:252–261
  53. Welner Z, Reich W, Herjanic B, et al.  Reliability, validity and parent–child agreement studies of the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescent (DICA). J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry. 1987;26:649–653
  54. Widiger TA. Personality disorder dimensional models proposed for DSM-IV. J. Pers. Disord. 1991;5:386–398
  55. Windle M. The difficult temperament in adolescence: associations with substance use, family support, and problem behaviors. J. Clin. Psychol. 1991;47:310–315

PII: S0165-0327(03)00100-9

doi: 10.1016/S0165-0327(03)00100-9

Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 85, Issue 1 , Pages 169-180 , March 2005