Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 80, Issue 2 , Pages 135-144 , June 2004

Residual symptoms at remission from depression: impact on long-term outcome

  • N Kennedy

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Box 63, Section of General Psychiatry, Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK. Tel.: +44-20-7848-0135.
  • ,
  • E.S Paykel

Received 8 November 2002 ,Revised 5 February 2003 ,Accepted 6 February 2003.

References 

  1. Akiskal HS. Dysthymic disorder: psychopathology of proposed chronic depressive subtypes. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1983;140:11–20
  2. American Psychiatric Association . Practice guidelines for major depressive disorder in adults. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1993;150(Suppl. 4):1–26
  3. Anderson IM, Nutt DJ, Deakin JF. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 1993 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. British Association for Psychopharmacology. J. Psychopharmacol. 2000;14:3–20
  4. Bothwell R, Scott J. The influence of cognitive variables on recovery in depressed inpatients. J. Affect. Disord. 1997;43:207–212
  5. British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain . British National Formulary. London: BMA and RPSGB; 2001;
  6. Dawson R, Lavori PW, Coryell WH, Rndicott J, Keller MB. Maintenance strategies for unipolar depression: an observational study of levels of treatment and recurrence. J. Affect. Disord. 1998;49:31–44
  7. Depression Guideline Panel . Clinical Practice Guideline, Number 5. Depression in Primary Care. Treatment of Major Depression. Vol. 2. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research; 1993;
  8. Endicott J, Spitzer RL, Fleiss JL, Cohen J. The global assessment scale. A procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1976;33:766–771
  9. Faravelli C, Ambonetti A, Pallanti S, Pazzagli A. Depressive relapses and incomplete recovery from index episode. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1986;143:888–891
  10. Fava GA, Grandi S, Zielezny M, Canestrari R, Morphy MA. Cognitive behavioral treatment of residual symptoms in primary major depressive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1994;151:1295–1299
  11. Fawcett J. Antidepressants: partial response in chronic depression. Br. J. Psychiatry Suppl. 1994;165:37–41
  12. Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Perel JM, Cornes C, Jarrett DB, Mallinger AG, et al. Three-year outcomes for maintenance therapies in recurrent depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1990;47:1093–1099
  13. Frank E, Prien RF, Jarrett RB, Keller MB, Kupfer DJ, Lavori PW, et al. Conceptualization and rationale for consensus definitions of terms in major depressive disorder. Remission, recovery, relapse and recurrence. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1991;48:851–855
  14. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 1960;23:56–62
  15. Hayhurst H, Cooper Z, Paykel ES, Vearnals S, Ramana R. Expressed emotion and depression. A longitudinal study. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1997;171:439–443
  16. Hirschfeld RM, Montgomery SA, Keller MB, Kasper S, Schatzberg AS, Moller HJ, et al. Social functioning in depression: a review. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2000;61:268–275
  17. Judd LL, Paulus MP, Wells KB, Rapaport MH. Socioeconomic burden of subsyndromal depressive symptoms and major depression in a sample of the general population. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1996;153:1411–1417
  18. Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Maser JD, Zeller PJ, Endicott J, Coryell W, et al. Major depressive disorder: a prospective study of residual subthreshold depressive symptoms as predictor of rapid relapse. J. Affect. Disord. 1998;50:97–108
  19. Judd LL, Paulus MJ, Schettler PJ, Akiskal HS, Endicott J, Leon AC, et al. Does incomplete recovery from first lifetime major depressive episode herald a chronic course of illness?. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2000;157:1501–1504
  20. Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Zeller PJ, Paulus M, Leon AC, Maser JD, et al. Psychosocial disability during the long-term course of unipolar major depressive disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2000;57:375–380
  21. Kaplan EL, Meier P. Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1958;53:457–481
  22. Keller MB, Shapiro RW, Lavori PW, Wolfe N. Recovery in major depressive disorder: analysis with the life table and regression models. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1982;39:905–910
  23. Keller MB, Lavori PW, Friedman B, Nielsen E, Endicott J, McDonald-Scott P, et al. The Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation. A comprehensive method for assessing outcome in prospective longitudinal studies. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1987;44:540–548
  24. Keller MB, Lavori PW, Mueller TI, Endicott J, Coryell W, Hirschfeld RM, et al. Time to recovery, chronicity, and levels of psychopathology in major depression. A 5-year prospective follow-up of 431 subjects. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1992;49:809–816
  25. Kennedy, N., Abbott, R., Paykel, E.S. Remission and recurrence of depression in the maintenance era: long-term outcome in a Cambridge cohort. Psychol. Med., in press.
  26. Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Perel JM, Cornes C, Mallinger AG, Thase ME, et al. Five-year outcome for maintenance therapies in recurrent depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1992;49:769–773
  27. Lee AS, Murray RM. The long-term outcome of Maudsley depressives. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1988;153:741–751
  28. Mintz J, Mintz LI, Arruda MJ, Hwang SS. Treatments of depression and the functional capacity to work. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1992;49:761–768
  29. Mueller TI, Keller MB, Leon AC, Solomon DA, Shea MT, Coryell W, et al. Recovery after 5 years of unremitting major depressive disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1996;53:794–799
  30. Parker G, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Brodaty H, Boyce P, Mitchell P, Wilheim K, et al. Predicting the course of melancholic and nonmelancholic depression. A naturalistic comparison study. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1992;180:693–702
  31. Paykel ES. The clinical interview for depression. Development, reliability and validity. J. Affect. Disord. 1985;9:85–96
  32. Paykel ES, Priest RG. Recognition and management of depression in general practice: consensus statement. Br. Med. J. 1992;305:1198–1202
  33. Paykel ES, Ramana R, Cooper Z, Hayhurst H, Kerr J, Barocka A. Residual symptoms after partial remission: an important outcome in depression. Psychol. Med. 1995;25:1171–1180
  34. Paykel ES, Cooper Z, Ramana R, Hayhurst H. Life events, social support and marital relationships in the outcome of severe depression. Psychol. Med. 1996;26:121–133
  35. Paykel ES, Scott J, Teasdale JD, Johnson AL, Garland A, Moore R, et al. Prevention of relapse in residual depression by cognitive therapy. A controlled trial. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1999;56:829–835
  36. Ramana R, Paykel ES, Cooper Z, Hayhurst H, Saxty M, Surtees PG. Remission and relapse in major depression: a two-year prospective follow-up study. Psychol. Med. 1995;25:1161–1170
  37. Robling SA, Paykel ES, Dunn VJ, Abbott R, Katona C. Long-term outcome of severe puerperal psychiatric illness: a 23 year follow-up study. Psychol. Med. 2000;30:1263–1271
  38. Simons AD, Murphy GE, Levine JL, Wetzel RD. Cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy for depression. Sustained improvement over one year. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1986;43:43–48
  39. Spitzer RL, Endicott J, Robins E. Research diagnostic criteria: rationale and reliability. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1978;35:773–782
  40. SPSS . SPSS for Windows: Base System User’s Guide. Release 10.0. Chicago, IL: SPSS; 1999;
  41. Surtees PG, Barkley C. Future imperfect: the long-term outcome of depression. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1994;164:327–341
  42. Weissman MM, Paykel ES. The Depressed Woman: A Study of Social Relationships. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1974;

PII: S0165-0327(03)00054-5

doi: 10.1016/S0165-0327(03)00054-5

Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 80, Issue 2 , Pages 135-144 , June 2004