Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 74, Issue 3 , Pages 237-246 , May 2003

Psychosocial and vascular risk factors of depression in later life

  • Albertine J Oldehinkel

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
    • Graduate School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
    • Graduate School for Experimental Psychopathology, Maastricht, Netherlands
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands. Tel.: +31-50-361-4550; fax: +31-50-361-9722
    • ,
  • Johan Ormel

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
    • Graduate School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
    • Graduate School for Experimental Psychopathology, Maastricht, Netherlands
    • ,
  • Els I Brilman

      Affiliations

    • Northern Centre for Healthcare Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
    • ,
  • Marjan D van den Berg

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
    • Graduate School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands

Received 1 February 2001 ,Revised 13 December 2001 ,Accepted 19 December 2001.

References 

  1. Alexopoulos GS, Meyers BS, Young RC, Campbell S, Silbersweig D, Charlson M. ‘Vascular depression’ hypothesis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1997;54:915–922
  2. Alexopoulos GS, Meyers BS, Young RC, Kakuma T, Silbersweig D, Charlson M. Clinically defined vascular depression. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1997;154:562–565
  3. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th Edition. Washington, DC: APA; 1994;
  4. Baldwin RC, Tomenson B. Depression in later life. A comparison of symptoms and risk factors in early and late onset cases. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1995;167:649–652
  5. Beekman AT, Deeg DJ, Smit T, Hooijer JH, Van Tilburg W, Kriegsman DM. Major and minor depression in later life: a study of prevalence and risk factors. J. Affect. Disord. 1995;36:65–75
  6. Brilman EI, Ormel J. Life events, difficulties and onset of depression in later life. Psychol. Med. 2001;31:859–869
  7. Brodaty H, Peters K, Boyce P, Hickie I, Parker G, Mitchell P, et al. Age and depression. J. Affect. Disord. 1991;23:137–149
  8. Brown GW, Harris TO. Social Origins of Depression. London: Tavistock; 1978;
  9. Brown GW, Harris TO. Life Events and Illness. London: Unwin Hyman; 1989;
  10. Brown GW, Harris TO, Hepworth C. Loss, humiliation and entrapment among women developing depression: a patient and non-patient comparison. Psychol. Med. 1995;25:7–21
  11. Camus V, De Mendonca Lima CA, Gaillard M, Simeone I, Wertheimer J. Are personality disorders more frequent in early onset geriatric depression?. J. Affect. Disord. 1997;46:297–302
  12. Darroch J. Biologic synergism and parallelism. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1997;145:661–668
  13. Emmerson JP, Burvill PW, Finlay-Jones R, Hall W. Life events, life difficulties and confiding relationships in the depressed elderly. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1989;155:187–792
  14. Eysenck SBG, Eysenck HJ, Barrett P. A revised version of the psychoticism scale. Pers. Indiv. Diff. 1985;6:21–29
  15. Hickie I, Scott E, Mitchell P, Wilhelm K, Austin M-P, Bennett B. Subcortical hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging: clinical correlates and prognostic significance in patients with severe depression. Biol. Psychiatry. 1995;37:151–160
  16. Hirschfeld RM, Klerman GL, Lavori P, Keller MB, Griffith P, Coryell W. Premorbid personality assessments of first onset major depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1989;46:345–350
  17. Jorm AF. Epidemiology of mental disorders in old age. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry. 1989;11:405–409
  18. Kempen GIJM, Miedema I, Ormel J, Molenaar W. The assessment of disability with the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale. Conceptual framework and psychometric properties. Soc. Sci. Med. 1996;43:1601–1610
  19. Krishnan KRR, Hays JC, Blazer DG. MRI-defined vascular depression. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1997;154:497–501
  20. Kumar A, Jin Z, Bilker W, Udupa J, Gottlieb G. Late-onset minor and major depression: early evidence for common neuroanatomical substrates detected by using MRI. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1998;95:7654–7658
  21. Lamberts H, Wood M. International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC). Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1987;
  22. Lesher EL, Berryhill JS. Validation of the Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form among inpatients. J. Clin. Psychol. 1994;50:256–260
  23. Maier W, Lichtermann D, Minges J, Heun R, Hallmayer J, Klingler T. Unipolar depression in the aged: determinants of familial aggregation. J. Affect. Disord. 1991;23:53–61
  24. Oldehinkel AJ, Ormel J, Neeleman J. Predictors of time to remission from depression in primary care patients: do some people benefit more from positive life change than others?. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 2000;109:299–307
  25. Ormel J, De Jong A. On vulnerability to common mental disorders. An evidence-based plea for a developmental perspective. In:  Tansella M,  Thornicroft G editor. Common Mental Disorders in Primary Care. London: Routledge; 1999;
  26. Ormel J, Kempen GIJM, Deeg DJH, Brilman EI, Van Sonderen E, Relyveld J. Functioning, well-being and health perception in late middle aged and older people. Comparing the effects of depressive symptoms and chronic medical conditions. JAGS. 1998;46:39–48
  27. Ormel J, Kempen GIJM, Penninx BWJH, Brilman EI, Beekman AT, Van Sonderen E. Chronic medical conditions and mental health in older people: disability and psychosocial resources mediate specific mental health effects. Psychol. Med. 1997;27:1065–1077
  28. Ormel J, Lindenberg S, Steverink N, VonKorff M. Quality of Life and Social Production Functions: a framework for understanding health effects. Soc. Sci. Med. 1997;45:1051–1063
  29. Ormel J, Oldehinkel AJ, Brilman EI. The interplay and etiological continuity of neuroticism, difficulties and life events in the etiology of major and subsyndromal, first and recurrent depressive episodes in later life. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2001;158:885–891
  30. Ottman R. Gene–environment interaction: definitions and study designs. Prev. Med. 1996;25:764–770
  31. Prince MJ, Harwood RH, Thomas A, Mann AH. A prospective population-based cohort study of the effects of disablement and social milieu on the onset and maintenance of late-life depression. The Gospel Oak Project VII. Psychol. Med. 1998;28:337–350
  32. Reynolds CF, Dew MA, Frank E, Begley AE, Miller MD, Cornes C, et al. Effects of age at onset of first lifetime episode of recurrent major depression on treatment response and illness course in elderly patients. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1998;155:795–799
  33. Roberts RE, Kaplan GA, Shema SJ, Strawbridge WJ. Does growing old increase the risk for depression?. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1997;154:1384–1390
  34. Russo J, Vitaliano PP, Brewer DD, Katon W, Becker J. Psychiatric disorder in spouse-caregivers of care recipients of Alzheimer’s disease and matched controls: a diathesis-stress model of psychopathology. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 1995;104:197–204
  35. Schwarz KA, Blixen CE. Does home health care affect strain and depressive symptoms for caregivers of impaired older adults?. J. Community Health. 1997;14:39–48
  36. Van den Berg MD, Oldehinkel AJ, Bouhuys AL, Brilman EI, Beekman ATF, Ormel J. Depression in later life: three etiologically different subgroups. J. Affect. Disord. 2001;65:19–26
  37. Van den Berg MD, Oldehinkel AJ, Brilman EI, Bouhuys AL, Ormel J. Correlates of symptomatic, minor and major depression in the elderly. J. Affect. Disord. 2000;60:87–95
  38. Wing JK, Sartorius N, Üstun TB. Diagnosis and Clinical Measurement in Psychiatry. A Reference Manual for SCAN. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1998;
  39. World Health Organization . SCAN. Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry. Geneva: WHO; 1992;
  40. Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, Lum O, Huang V, Adey M, et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1982;83:37–49

PII: S0165-0327(02)00014-9

doi: 10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00014-9

Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 74, Issue 3 , Pages 237-246 , May 2003

Article Tools