Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 74, Issue 2 , Pages 139-147 , April 2003

Diagnosing postpartum depression in mothers and fathers: whatever happened to anxiety?

  • Stephen Matthey

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, University of Sydney; and the South West Sydney Area Health Service, Park House, 13 Elizabeth Street, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +61-2-9827-8011; fax: +61-2-9827-8010
  • ,
  • Bryanne Barnett

      Affiliations

    • School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  • ,
  • Pauline Howie

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
  • ,
  • David J Kavanagh

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Received 22 February 2000 ,Revised 6 February 2001 ,Accepted 4 December 2001.

References 

  1. Altshuler LL, Hendrick V, Cohen LS. Course of mood and anxiety disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 1998;59:29–33
  2. Andrews G, Hall W, Teesson M, et al.  The Mental Health of Australians. Canberra: Mental Health Branch, Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care; 1999;
  3. Astbury J. Making motherhood visible: the experience of motherhood questionnaire. J. Reprod. Inf. Psychol. 1994;12:79–88
  4. Austin M-P, Dudley M, Launders C, et al.  Description and evaluation of a domiciliary perinatal mental health service focusing on early intervention. Arch. Women. Ment. Health. 1999;2:169–173
  5. Ballenger JC, Davidson JR, Lecrubier Y, et al.  Consensus statement on the primary care management of depression from the International Consensus Group on Depression and Anxiety. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 1999;60(Suppl. 7):54–61
  6. Barnett B, Parker G. Possible determinants, correlates and consequences of high levels of anxiety in primiparous mothers. Psychol. Med. 1986;16:177–185
  7. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, et al.  An inventory for measuring depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1961;4:561–571
  8. Beck CT. Screening methods for postpartum depression. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs. 1995;24:308–312
  9. Boyce P, Stubbs J, Todd A. Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: Validation for an Australian Sample. Aust. N.Z. J. Psychiatry. 1993;27:472–476
  10. Cooper PJ, Murray L. Course and recurrence of postnatal depression: Evidence for the specificity of the diagnostic concepts. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1995;166:191–195
  11. Cooper PJ, Murray L, Hooper R, et al.  The development and validation of a predictive index for postpartum depression. Psychol. Med. 1996;26:627–634
  12. Cox JL. Postnatal depression: a serious and neglected postpartum complication. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1989;3:839–856
  13. Cox J, Holden J, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression: development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1987;150:782–786
  14. Cox JL, Murray D, Chapman G. A controlled study of the onset, duration and prevalence of postnatal depression. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1993;163:27–31
  15. Emmanuel J, Simmonds S, Tyrer P. Systematic review of the outcome of anxiety and depressive disorders. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1998;173(Suppl. 34):35–41
  16. Goldberg DP, Rickels K, Downing R, et al.  A comparison of two psychiatric screening tests. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1976;129:61–67
  17. Goldberg D. The recognition of psychiatric illness by non-psychiatrists. Aust. N.Z. J. Psychiatry. 1984;18:128–133
  18. Goldberg D. A dimensional model for common mental disorders. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1996;168(Suppl. 30):44–49
  19. Goldberg, D., 1999. The management of anxious depression in primary care. J. Clin. Psychiatry 60(Suppl. 7), 39–42; discussion 43–44.
  20. Gotlib IH, Whiffen VE, Mount JH, et al.  Prevalence rates and demographic characteristics associated with depression in pregnancy and the postpartum. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 1989;57:269–274
  21. Green JM. Postnatal depression or perinatal dysphoria? Findings from a longitudinal community-based study using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. J. Reprod. Inf. Psychol. 1998;16:143–155
  22. Margison F. The pathology of the mother–child relationship. In:  Brockington IF,  Kumar R editor. Motherhood and Mental Illness. London: Academic Press; 1982;
  23. Matthey S, Barnett B, Ungerer J, et al.  Paternal and maternal depressed mood during the transition to parenthood. J. Affect. Disord. 2000;60:75–85
  24. Matthey S, Barnett BEW, Kavanagh DJ, et al.  Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale for men, and comparison of item endorsement with their partners. J. Affect. Disord. 2001;64:175–183
  25. McNair DM, Lorr M, Droppleman LF. Profile of Mood States. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service; 1971;
  26. Metz A, Sichel DA, Goff DC. Postpartum panic disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 1988;49:278–279
  27. Muzik M, Klier CM, Rosenblum KL, et al.  Are commonly used self-report inventories suitable for screening postpartum depression and anxiety disorders?. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2000;102:71–73
  28. O’Hara MW, Swain AM. Rates and risk of postpartum depression—a meta-analysis. Int. Rev. Psychiatry. 1996;8:37–54
  29. O’Hara MW, Zekoski EM, Philipps LH, et al.  Controlled prospective study of postpartum mood disorders: comparison of childbearing and nonchildbearing women. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 1990;99:3–15
  30. Overall JE, Hollister LE, Johnson M, et al.  Nosology of depression and differential response to drugs. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1966;195:946–950
  31. Pitt B. ‘Atypical’ depression following childbirth. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1968;114:1325–1335
  32. Pitt B. Postpartum disorders. In:  Priest RG editors. Psychological Disorders in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. London: Butterworths; 1985;
  33. Radloff LS. The CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl. Psychol. Measure. 1977;1:385–401
  34. Raskin VD, Richman JA, Gaines C. Patterns of depressive symptoms in expectant and new parents. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1990;147:658–660
  35. Robins LN, Helzer JE, Croughan J, et al.  National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule: its history, characteristics and validity. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1981;38:381–389
  36. Robinson S, Young J. Screening for depression and anxiety in the post-natal period: acceptance or rejection of a subsequent treatment offer. Aust. N.Z. J. Psychiatry. 1982;16:47–51
  37. Sartorious N, Ustun B, Lecrubier Y, et al.  Depression comorbid with anxiety: results from the WHO study on psychological disorders in primary health care. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1996;168(Suppl. 30):38–43
  38. Shear MK, Oommen M. Anxiety disorders in pregnant and postpartum women. Psychopharm. Bull. 1994;31:693–703
  39. Sichel DA, Lee LS, Cohen MD, et al.  Postpartum onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychosomatics. 1993;34:277–279
  40. Snaith RP, Bridges GWK, Hamilton M. The Leeds Scale for the self-assessment of anxiety and depression. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1976;128:156–165
  41. Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Self-evaluation Questionnaire). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1970;
  42. Stuart S, Couser G, Schilder K, et al.  Postpartum anxiety and depression: Onset and comorbidity in a community sample. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1998;186:420–424
  43. Wisner KL, Peindl KS, Gigliotti T, et al.  Obsessions and compulsions in women with postpartum depression. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 1999;60:176–180
  44. Wisner KL, Peindl K, Hanusa BH. Symptomatology of affective and psychotic illnesses related to childbearing. J. Affect. Disord. 1994;30:77–87
  45. Zelkowitz P, Milet TH. Screening for post-partum depression in a community sample. Can. J. Psychiatry. 1995;40:80–86
  46. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1983;67:361–370

PII: S0165-0327(02)00012-5

doi: 10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00012-5

Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 74, Issue 2 , Pages 139-147 , April 2003