Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 73, Issue 3 , Pages 245-252 , February 2003

Severity of stressful life events in first and subsequent episodes of depression: the relevance of depressive subtype

Received 18 December 2000 ,Revised 17 September 2001 ,Accepted 31 October 2001.

References 

  1. Andrew B, Hawton K, Fagg J, Westbrook D. Do psychosocial factors influence outcome in severely depressed female psychiatric in-patients?. Br. J. Psychol. 1993;163:747–754
  2. Bebbington PE, Tennant C, Hurry J. Adversity and the nature of psychiatric disorder in the community. J. Affect. Disord. 1981;3:345–366
  3. Brown GW, Sklair F, Harris TO, Hepworth C. Life events and psychiatric disorders. I. Some methodological issues. Psychol. Med. 1973;3:74–87
  4. Brown GW, Harris TO, Hepworth C. Life events and endogenous depression: a puzzle re-examined. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1994;51:525–534
  5. Carney MWP, Roth M, Garside RF. The diagnosis of depressive syndromes and the prediction of E.C.T. response. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1965;111:659–674
  6. Dolan RJ, Calloway SP, Fonagy P, De Souza FVA, Wakeling A. Life events, depression and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1985;147:429–433
  7. Ezquiaga E, Gutierrez JLA, López AG. Psychosocial factors and episode number in depression. J. Affect. Disord. 1987;12:135–138
  8. Frank E, Anderson B, Reynolds CF, Ritenour A, Kupfer DJ. Life events and the research diagnostic criteria endogenous subtype: a confirmation of the distinction using the Bedford College methods. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1994;51:519–524
  9. Ghaziuddin M, Ghaziuddin MB, Stein GS. Life events and the recurrence of depression. Can. J. Psychiatry. 1990;35:239–242
  10. Harkness LL, Monroe SM, Simons AD, Thase M. The generation of life events in recurrent and non-recurrent depression. Psychol. Med. 1999;29:135–144
  11. Leff JL, Roatch JF, Bunney WE. Environmental factors preceding the onset of severe depressions. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1970;33:293–311
  12. Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Prescott CA. Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1999;156:837–841
  13. Lewinshohn PM, Allen NB, Seeley JR. First onset versus recurrence of depression: Differential processes of psychosocial risk. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 1999;108:483–489
  14. Parker G, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Boyce P, Wilhelm K, Brodaty H, Mitchell P, et al. Classifying depression by mental state signs. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1990;157:55–65
  15. Parker G, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Wilhelm K, Hickie I, Brodaty H, Boyce P, et al. Defining melancholia: properties of a refined sign-based measure. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1994;164:316–326
  16. Parker G, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Roussos J, Wilhelm K, Mitchell P, Austin M-P, et al. Non-melancholic depression: the contribution of personality, anxiety and life events to subclassification. Psychol. Med. 1998;28:1209–1219
  17. Paykel ES, Cooper Z, Ramana R, Hayhurst H. Life events, social support and marital relationships in the outcome of severe depression. Psychol. Med. 1996;26:123–136
  18. Paykel ES, Rao BM, Taylor CN. Life stress and symptom pattern in out-patient depression. Psychol. Med. 1984;14:559–568
  19. Post RM. Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1992;149:999–1010
  20. Roy A, Breier A, Doran AR, Pickar D. Life events in depression: relationship to subtypes. J. Affect. Disord. 1985;9:143–148
  21. Thomson KC, Hendrie HC. Environmental stress in primary depressive illness. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1972;26:130–132

PII: S0165-0327(01)00479-7

Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 73, Issue 3 , Pages 245-252 , February 2003

Article Tools