Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 65, Issue 2 , Pages 179-183 , July 2001

Atypical depression with hypomanic symptoms

  • Franco Benazzi

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationVia Pozzetto 17, 48015 Castiglione di Cervia RA, Italy. Tel.: +39-0335-6191-852; fax: +39-0543-30069

Received 6 February 2000 ,Revised 26 May 2000 ,Accepted 6 June 2000.

References 

  1. Akiskal HS. Spectrum of mixed states: with mania and with hypomania. In: 152nd Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, USA. 1999;Abstract No. 46C
  2. Akiskal HS, Pinto O. The evolving bipolar spectrum: prototypes I, II, III, and IV. In:  Akiskal HS editors. Bipolarity: Beyond Classic Mania. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 22:1999;p. 517–534
  3. Akiskal HS, Hantouche EG, Bourgeois ML, Azorin JM, Sechter D, Allilaire JF, et al. Gender, temperament, and the clinical picture in dysphoric mixed mania: findings from a french national study (EPIMAN). J. Affect. Disord. 1998;50:175–186
  4. Akiskal HS. The prevalent clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders: beyond DSM-IV. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 1996;16(Suppl. 1):4S–14S
  5. Akiskal HS, Maser JD, Zeller PJ, Endicott J, Coryell W, Keller M, et al. Switching from ‘unipolar’ to bipolar II. An 11-year prospective study of clinical and temperamental predictors in 559 patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1995;52:114–123
  6. Akiskal HS. The distinctive mixed states of bipolar I, II, and III. Clin. Neuropharm. 1992;15(Suppl. 1):632A–633A
  7. Akiskal HS, Mallya G. Criteria for the ‘soft’ bipolar spectrum: treatment implications. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 1987;23:68–73
  8. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994;
  9. Amsterdam JD, Garcia-Espana F, Fawcett J, Quitkin FM, Reimherr FW, Rosenbaum JF, et al. Efficacy and safety of fluoxetine in treating bipolar II major depressive episode. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 1998;18:435–440
  10. Benazzi, F., in press. Major depressive episodes with hypomanic symptoms are common among depressed outpatients. Comp. Psychiatry.
  11. Benazzi F. Prevalence and clinical features of atypical depression in depressed outpatients: a 467-case study. Psychiatry Res. 1999;86:259–265
  12. Benazzi F. Prevalence of bipolar II disorder in atypical depression. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1999;249:62–65
  13. Benazzi F. Gender differences in bipolar II and unipolar depressed outpatients: a 557-case study. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry. 1999;11:55–59
  14. Bowden CL. Treatment of bipolar disorder. In:  Schatzberg AF,  Nemeroff CB editor. Textbook of Psychopharmacology. 2nd Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1998;p. 733–745
  15. Calabrese JR, Rapport DJ, Kimmel SE, Shelton MD. Controlled trials in bipolar I depression: focus on switch rates and efficacy. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 1999;9(Suppl. 4):S109–S112
  16. Coryell W, Endicott J, Maser JD, Keller MB, Leon AC, Akiskal HS. Long-term stability of polarity distinctions in the affective disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1995;152:385–390
  17. Dunner DL, Tay KL. Diagnostic reliability of the history of hypomania in bipolar II patients and patients with major depression. Comp. Psychiatry. 1993;34:303–307
  18. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Structured Clinical Interview For DSM-IV Axis I Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1997;Clinician Version (SCID-CV)
  19. Goldberg JF, Kocsis JH. Depression in the course of bipolar disorder. In:  Goldberg JF,  Harrow M editor. Bipolar Disorders. Clinical Course and Outcome. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1999;p. 129–147
  20. Goodwin FK, Jamison KR. Manic-Depressive Illness. New York: Oxford University Press; 1990;
  21. Koukopoulos A, Faedda G, Proietti R, D’Amico S, de Pisa E, Simonetto C. Mixed depressive syndrome. Encephale. 1992;18:19–21Spec. No. 1
  22. Peet M. Induction of mania with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1994;164:549–550
  23. Perugi G, Akiskal HS, Micheli C, Musetti L, Paiano A, Quilici C, et al. Clinical subtypes of bipolar mixed states: validating a broader european definition in 143 cases. J. Affect. Disord. 1997;43:169–180
  24. Perugi G, Akiskal HS, Lattanzi L, Cecconi D, Mastrocinque A, Patronelli A, et al. The high prevalence of soft bipolar (II) features in atypical depression. Comp. Psychiatry. 1998;39:63–71
  25. Quitkin FM, Stewart JW, McGrath PJ, Nunes EV, Klein DF. The identification and validation of distinct depressive syndromes in a population-based sample of female twins. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1997;54:970–972

PII: S0165-0327(00)00266-4

Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 65, Issue 2 , Pages 179-183 , July 2001

Article Tools