Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 36, Issue 1 , Pages 29-36 , 24 December 1995

Increased serum interleukin-1-receptor-antagonist concentrations in major depression

  • Michael Maes

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Address: Clinical Research Center, Mental Health, University Department of Psychiatry, 267 Lange Beeldenkensstraat, 2060 Antwerp, Belgium. Fax: (32) (3) 6332814.
    • University Department of Psychiatry, AZ Stuivenberg, Antwerp, Belgium
    • Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, CWRU, Cleveland, OH, USA
    • ,
  • Eric Vandoolaeghe

      Affiliations

    • University Department of Psychiatry, AZ Stuivenberg, Antwerp, Belgium
    • Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, CWRU, Cleveland, OH, USA
    • ,
  • Rakesh Ranjan

      Affiliations

    • Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, CWRU, Cleveland, OH, USA
    • ,
  • Eugene Bosmans

      Affiliations

    • Eurogenetics, Tessenderlo, Belgium
    • ,
  • Raf Bergmans

      Affiliations

    • Eurogenetics, Tessenderlo, Belgium
    • ,
  • Roger Desnyder

      Affiliations

    • University Department of Psychiatry, AZ Stuivenberg, Antwerp, Belgium

Received 17 March 1995 ,Revised 12 June 1995 ,Accepted 12 June 1995.

References 

  1. American Psychiatric Association . In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1987;
  2. Berkenbosch F, Oers JV, del Key AD, Tilders F, Besedovsky H. Corticotropin-releasing-factor-producing neurons in the rat activated by interleukin-1. Science. 1987;238:524–526
  3. Calabrese JR, Skwerer RG, Barna B, et al.  Depression, immunocompetence and prostaglandins of the E series. Psychiatr. Res. 1986;17:41–47
  4. Dantzer R. Cytokines and behavior. The Physiologist. 1994;37:A4; (Abstr.)
  5. Dayer J-M, Burger D. Interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor and their specific inhibitors. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 1994;5:563–571
  6. Dinarello CA. The biological properties of interleukin-1. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 1994;5:517–531
  7. Dripps DJ, Brandhuber BJ, Thompson RC, Eisenberg SP. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist binds to the 80-kDa IL-1 receptor but does not initiate IL-1 signal transduction. J. Biol. Chem. 1991;266:10331–10338
  8. Duch DS, Woolf JH, Nichol CA, Davidson JR, Garbutt JC. Urinary excretion of biopterin and neopterin in psychiatric disorders. Psychiatr. Res. 1984;11:83–89
  9. Dunbar PR, Hill J, Neale TJ, Mellsop GW. Neopterin measurement provides evidence of altered cellmediated immunity in patients with depression, but not with schizophrenia. Psychol. Med. 1992;22:1051–1057
  10. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 1960;23:56–61
  11. Hickie I, Hickie C, Lloyd A, Silove D, Wakefield D. Impaired in vivo immune responses in patients with melancholia. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1993;162:651–657
  12. Healy D, Calvin J, Whitehouse AM, White W, Wilton-Cox H, Theodorou KM, et al.  α1-Acid glycoprotein in major depressive and eating disorders. J. Affect. Disord. 1991;22:13–20
  13. Irwin MR, Patterson A, Smith TL, et al.  Reduction of immune function in life stress and depression. Biol. Psychiatry. 1990;27:22–30
  14. Joyce PR, Hawes CR, Mulder RT, et al.  Elevated levels of acute phase plasma proteins in major depression. Biol. Psychiatry. 1992;32:1035–1041
  15. Kent S, Bluthé R-M, Kelley KW, Dantzer R. Sickness behavior as a new target for drug development. TIPS. 1992;13:24–28
  16. Lieb J, Karmali R. Elevated levels of prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane B2 in depression. Prost. Leukotr. Med. 1983;10:361–368
  17. Lynch EA, Dinarello CA, Cannon JG. Gender differences in IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-1 receptor antagonist secretion from mononuclear cells and urinary secretion. J. Immunol. 1994;153:300–306
  18. McKane WR, Khosla S, Peterson JM, Egan K, Riggs BL. Circulating levels of cytokines that modulate bone resorption: effects of age and menopause in women. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1994;9:1313–1318
  19. Maes M. Acute phase protein alterations in major depression: a review. Rev. Neurosci. 1993;4:407–416
  20. Maes M. The Interleukin hypothesis of major depression. Prog. Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 1995; in press
  21. Maes M, De Ruyter M, Hobin P, Suy E. The dexamethasone suppression test, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the DSM-III depressive categories. J. Affect. Disord. 1986;10:207–214
  22. Maes M, Bosmans E, Suy E, Minner B, Raus J. The impaired mitogen lymphocyte stimulation in severely depressed patients: a complex interface between HPA-axis hyperfunction, noradrenergic activity and the ageing process. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1989;155:793–798
  23. Maes M, Vandewoude M, Schotte C, Cosyns P. Results of the 8 a.m. dexamethasone suppression test constitute a suitable tool for confirming the diagnosis melancholia: a test unaffected by the variations in the bioavailability of dexamethasone. Neuropsychobiology. 1989;22:26–32
  24. Maes M, Jacobs M-P, Suy E, Minner B, Raus J. Prediction of the DST results in depressives by means of urinary free Cortisol excretion, dexamethasone levels and age. Biol. Psychiatry. 1991;28:349–357
  25. Maes M, Vandervorst C, Suy E, Minner B, Raus J. A multivariate study on the simultaneous urinary free cortisol, plasma cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone and β-endorphin escape from suppression by dexamethasone in melancholic patients. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1991;83:480–491
  26. Maes M, Vandewoude M, Scharpé S, DeClerck L, Stevens W, Lepoutre L, et al.  Anthropometrie and biochemical assessment of the nutritional state in depression: evidence for lower visceral protein plasma levels in depression. J. Affect. Disord. 1991;23:25–33
  27. Maes M, Lambrechts J, Bosmans E, et al.  Evidence for a systemic immune activation during depression: results of leukocyte enumeration by flow cytometry in conjunction with monoclonal antibody staining. Psychol. Med. 1992;22:45–53
  28. Maes M, Scharpe S, Cooremans W, VanGrootel L, Uyttenbrouck W, Minner B, et al. Higher α1-antitrypsine, haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin, and lower retinol binding protein plasma levels in major depressed subjects. J. Affect. Disord. 1992;24:183–192
  29. Maes M, Stevens WJ, DeClerck LS, et al.  A significantly increased number and percentage of B cells in depressed subjects: results of flow cytometric measurements. J. Affect. Disord. 1992;24:127–134
  30. Maes M, Bosnians E, Meltzer HY, Scharpe S, Suy E. Interleukin-1β: a putative mediator of HPA-axis hyperactivity in major depression?. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1993;150:1189–1193
  31. Maes M, Meltzer HY, Scharpé S, Uyttenbroeck W, Cooremans W, Suy E, et al. Psychomotor retardation, anorexia, weight loss, sleep disturbances and loss of energy: psychopathological correlates of hyperhaptoglobinemia during major depression. Psychiatr. Res. 1993;47:229–241
  32. Maes M, Scharpé S, Meltzer HY, et al.  Relationships between interleukin-6 activity, acute phase proteins and HPA axis function in severe depression. Psychiatr. Res. 1993;49:11–27
  33. Maes M, Meltzer HY, Stevens W, Cosyns P, Blockx P. Multiple reciprocal relationships between in vivo cellular immunity and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in depression. Psychol. Med. 1994;24:167–177
  34. Maes M, Scharpe S, Meltzer HY, Okayli G, Bosmans E, D'Hondt P, et al. Increased neopterin and interferon-gamma secretion and lower availability of L-tryptophan in major depression: further evidence for an immune response. Psychiatr. Res. 1994;54:143–160
  35. Maes M, Smith R, Scharpe S. The monocyte-T lymphocyte hypothesis of major depression. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 1995;20:111–116
  36. Muller N, Ackenheil M, Hofschuster E. Altered T-cell number and reduced suppressor cell activity in patients with affective psychosis. In:  Hadden JW,  Masek K,  Nistico G editor. Interactions Among Central Nervous System, Neuroendocrine and Immune Systems. Rome: Pythagora Press; 1989;p. 385–394
  37. Muller N, Hofschuster E, Ackenheil M, Mempel W, Eckstein R. Investigations of the cellular immunity during depression and the free interval: evidence for an immune activation in affective psychosis. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 1993;17:713–730
  38. Nassberger L, Traskman-Bendz L. Increased soluble interleukin-2 receptor concentrations in suicide attempters. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1993;88:48–52
  39. Roux-Lombard P, Modoux C, Dayer JM. Production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and a specific IL-1 inhibitor during human monocyte-macrophage differentiation: influence of GM-CSF. Cytokine. 1989;45–52
  40. Sapolsky R, Rivier C, Yamamoto G, Plotsky P, Vale W. Interleukin-1 stimulates the secretion of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor. Science. 1987;238:522–524
  41. Sims JS, Dower SK. Interleukin-1 receptors. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 1994;5:539–546
  42. Sluzewska A, Rybakowski J, Laciak M, Mackiewicz A, Sobieska M, Wiktorowicz K. Interleukin-6 serum levels in depressed patients before and after treatment with fluoxetine. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1995; in press
  43. Sluzewska A, Rybakowski J, Sobieska M, Wiktorowicz K. Concentration and microheterogeneity glycophorms of α1-acid glycoprotein in major depressive disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 1995; (in press)
  44. Song C, Dinan T, Leonard BE. Changes in immunoglobulin complement and acute phase protein levels in the depressed patients and normal controls. J. Affect. Disord. 1994;30:283–288
  45. Song C, Leonard BL. Changes in plasma proteins in depressed patients and rodent model of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1993;9:106–112
  46. Song C, Leonard BE. An acute phase protein response in the olfactory bulbectomised rat: effect of sertraline treatment. Med. Sci. Res. 1994;22:313–314
  47. Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Gibbon MSW, First MB. Structured Clinical Interview according to DSM-III-R. American Psychiatric Press, Inc; 1990;
  48. Swartz CM. Albumin decrement in depression and cholesterol decrement in mania. J. Affect. Disord. 1990;19:173–176
  49. Tominaga T, Fukata J, Naito Y, Usui T, Murakami N, Fukushima M, et al. Prostaglandin-dependent in vitro stimulation of adrenocortical steroidogenesis by interleukins. Endocrinology. 1991;128:526–531
  50. Wachter H, Fuchs D, Hausen A, et al.  Neopterin; Biochemistry, Methods and Clinical Application. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter; 1992;
  51. Wick G, Hu Y, Schwarz S, Kroemer G. Immunoendocrine communication via the hypothalamo-pituitaryadrenal axis in autoimmune diseases. Endocrinol. Rev. 1993;14:539–563
  52. Zalcman S, Green-Johnson JM, Murray L, Nance DM, Dyck D, Anisman H, et al. Cytokine-specific central monoamine alterations induced by interleukin-1, -2 and -6. Brain Res. 1994;643:40–49
  53. Zweig MH, Campbell G. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plots: a fundamental evaluation tool in clinical medicine. Clin. Chem. 1993;39:561–577

PII: 0165-0327(95)00049-6

Journal of Affective Disorders
Volume 36, Issue 1 , Pages 29-36 , 24 December 1995

Article Tools